Open Access Books

Der vorliegende Band beschreibt die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen in der zweiten Hälfte der 1920er Jahre, als sich zwischen beiden Ländern eine gewisse Annäherung abzeichnete, die in den Verträgen von Locarno, der Verleihung des Friedensnobelpreises an den deutschen Außenminister Gustav Stresemann und seinen französischen Kollegen Aristide Briand im Jahre 1926, dem deutsch-französischen Handelsvertrag von 1927 und schließlich dem Kriegsächtungspakt von 1928 ihren Höhepunkt fand. Die Studie untersucht die Beziehungen zwischen den Ländern nicht nur unter den vorherrschenden Interpretationsmustern des deutschen Revisionismus und des französischen Sicherheitsstrebens, sondern analysiert auch, inwiefern "moderne" außenpolitische Konzepte das Verhältnis beider Länder beeinflußt haben. Als "modern" wird dabei die vom amerikanischen Präsidenten Woodrow Wilson eingeleitete Revolution des Völkerrechts verstanden, das auf den Säulen von Demokratie, kollektiver Sicherheit und Freihandel ruhen sollte.

Up to date the scientific discussion about how frequency and regularity of physical activity can be increased is dominated by social-cognitive models. However, increasing evidence suggests that emotions and feelings have greater influence on physical activity than originally assumed (Rhodes, Fiala, & Conner, 2009). Generally speaking, humans possess an evaluative system with a basic action tendency to approach pleasurable events and to avoid aversive ones (Cacioppo & Berntson, 1999). Evaluative responses to a behavior and associated emotional states may influence a decision regarding whether or not to repeat being physically active. Generally, behavior associated with positive evaluations has a higher probability of being repeated than behaviors without such an association. On the contrary, an association with negative evaluations tends to decrease the probability of repeating to be physically active. Hence, evaluative responses to physical activity or the related situation can be an important aspect in the process of physical activity maintenance (McAuley et al., 2007). Several social-cognitive models of behavior change and maintenance were recently extended to take the influence of affective responses into account, in a way that variables already included in the models (e.g. outcome expectancies or attitudes) were more clearly articulated into their cognitive and affective components. For example, with regard to Social Cognitive Theory, Gellert, Ziegelmann and Schwarzer (2012) proposed to distinguish between affective and health-related outcome expectancies, and in the Theory of Planned Behavior, researchers suggested to differentiate between cognitive and affective attitudes (Lawton, Conner, & McEachan, 2009). The results of these and other studies suggest that affective components make a unique contribution to the explanation of the physical activity behavior (Brand, 2006). Other examples come from social cognition research, where it was shown that automatic evaluative responses are part of our everyday life and that they decisively influence health behavior (Hofmann, Friese, & Wiers, 2008). Accordingly, there is evidence that people who exercise regulary hold more positive automatic evaluations with exercise than non-exercisers (Bluemke, Brand, Schweizer, & Kahlert, 2010). Although significant progress has been made in showing that evaluative responses to physical activity and associated emotional states are important predictors of physical activity underlying psychological processes are far from being fully understood. Some important issues still remain to be resolved. Which role play affective states compared to concrete emotions when influencing physical activity? How do affective states and emotions interact with cognitive variables such as intentions? Are evaluative processes before, during or after physical activity important to predict future physical activity? Do negative and positive evaluations interact antagonistically or rather synergistically when physical activity as a new behavior shall be adopted? Future research will help us to resolve these and a lot of other so far unresolved issues.

Depuis l’Europe des Lumières, on s’est beaucoup occupé de « penser la Chine », quitte à fabriquer les représentations les plus contradictoires, entre la « Chine philosophique » et le « despotisme oriental », entre une Chine éternelle, esthétique et consensuelle, et une autre, imprévisible et inquiétante. Pour sortir de ces clichés tenaces, Anne Cheng nous propose d’exercer notre oreille à capter ce que les auteurs chinois nous donnent à entendre. La Chine ne serait-elle pas capable, après tou...

This book maps out the pedagogical implications of the global spread and diversification of pluricentric languages for language education and showcases new approaches that can take account of linguistic diversity. Moving the discussion of contemporary norms, aims, and approaches to pluricentric languages in language education beyond English, this book provides a multilingual, comparative perspective through case study examples of Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Dutch, and Vietnamese. The chapters document, compare, and evaluate existing practices in the teaching of pluricentric languages, and highlights different pedagogical approaches that embrace their variability and diversity. Presenting approaches to overcome barriers to innovation in language education, the book will be of great interest to academics, researchers, doctoral students in the field of language education, as well as socio- and applied linguists. Practitioners interested in linguistic diversity more broadly will also find this book engaging.

A hands-on approach to tasks and techniques in data stream mining and real-time analytics, with examples in MOA, a popular freely available open-source software framework. Today many information sources—including sensor networks, financial markets, social networks, and healthcare monitoring—are so-called data streams, arriving sequentially and at high speed. Analysis must take place in real time, with partial data and without the capacity to store the entire data set. This book presents algorithms and techniques used in data stream mining and real-time analytics. Taking a hands-on approach, the book demonstrates the techniques using MOA (Massive Online Analysis), a popular, freely available open-source software framework, allowing readers to try out the techniques after reading the explanations. The book first offers a brief introduction to the topic, covering big data mining, basic methodologies for mining data streams, and a simple example of MOA. More detailed discussions follow, with chapters on sketching techniques, change, classification, ensemble methods, regression, clustering, and frequent pattern mining. Most of these chapters include exercises, an MOA-based lab session, or both. Finally, the book discusses the MOA software, covering the MOA graphical user interface, the command line, use of its API, and the development of new methods within MOA. The book will be an essential reference for readers who want to use data stream mining as a tool, researchers in innovation or data stream mining, and programmers who want to create new algorithms for MOA.

It is well known the historical importance of Marquês de Pombal and his political and diplomatic actions, which made him one of the most remarkable Portuguese politicians with a high international profile. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, diplomat of the Portuguese court to the English and Austrian courts, and later Prime Minister of D. José I, bequeathed to posterity a vast body of work written by him or directly inspired by him. Few projects will have a greater capacity to renew knowledge of a nation';s past than those that set out to collect and edit the writings and work of its most important protagonists. Besides being of great cultural service, bringing to the public domain a heritage buried in the archives, they make it possible to build historical knowledge on a foundation of unshakeable solidity, enhancing even more thorough interpretations. This is the aim of this edition';s project: to bring the Corpus Pombalino to the public, by which we mean the work written, prepared or monitored by Marquês de Pombal, a central figure of the Age of Enlightenment, following the example of similar work carried out in the field of the history of the modern age for figures such as Frederick II of Prussia or Cardinal Richelieu. It was therefore urgent to carry out a project of this nature for the case of Marquês de Pombal, creating conditions to clarify the cloudy interpretation that still hangs over this personality so relevant in our history, since it often arouses extreme reactions that are far removed from the serenity of critical tasks. In this first volume of tome I of Obra completa pombalina, dedicated to the diplomatic activity of Sebastião José Carvalho e Melo, the personal and official letters to other diplomats written from his arrival in England in October 1738 until the end of the following year are published.

Transitionen; Bildungsentscheidungen; Aus- und Weiterbildung; Steuerung Bildungsverläufe; Bildungs- und Berufsbildungsprozesse; Bildungsverläufe

In this issue, psychometrics researchers were invited to make reanalyses or extensions of a previously published dataset from a recent paper by Myszkowski and Storme (2018). The dataset analyzed consisted of responses to a multiple-choice logical reasoning nonverbal test, comprising the last series of Raven’s (1941) Standard Progressive Matrices. Although the original paper already proposed several modeling strategies, this issue presents new or improved procedures to study the psychometrics properties of tests of this type.

Rupture brutale dans la vie des chapitres français, la Constitution civile du clergé du 12 juillet 1790 marque souvent le terme des études consacrées à l’histoire de l’ordo canonicus. L’ouvrage se propose au contraire d’examiner la reconstitution concordataire des chapitres de cathédrales jusqu’à l’extinction de l’ancien clergé au milieu du XIXe siècle. En effet, l’étude du clergé intermédiaire que forment les chapitres de chanoines permet de mieux saisir les évolutions de la société cléricale de la fin du système bénéficial d’Ancien Régime à l’âge des notables. Héritier du presbytère antique et sénat de l’Église diocésaine, investi de la juridiction épiscopale pendant la vacance du siège, le chapitre cathédral est un lieu ecclésiologique qui permet d’étudier les rapports entre évêques et prêtres, entre Église locale et Église universelle, tandis que les chanoines du Concordat continuent, malgré leur subordination à l’autorité épiscopale, à former une élite intermédiaire intégrée à un nouveau régime de notabilité cléricale.

Weird women, this chapter proposes, are artists who challenge boundaries and are uneasy within neat, already existing categories of art, sex, identity, and desire. Their existence is emphatic; yet the categories we already have cannot account for the complexity of who they are. Weird women seem to suggest that a new language is necessary, one that will point towards our unnamed desires, blind spots, and unknowns.

Language plays an essential role both in creating law and in governing its implementation. Providing an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this subject, Language and Law:describes the different registers and genres that make up spoken and written legal language and how they develop over time; analyses real-life examples drawn from court cases from different parts of the world, illustrating the varieties of English used in the courtroom by speakers occupying different roles; addresses the challenges presented to our notions of law and regulation by online communication; discusses the complex role of translation in bilingual and multilingual jurisdictions, including Hong Kong and Canada; and provides readings from key scholars in the discipline, including Lawrence Solan, Peter Goodrich, Marianne Constable, David Mellinkoff, and Chris Heffer. With a wide range of activities throughout, this accessible textbook is essential reading for anyone studying language and law or forensic linguistics.

Electric motors consume about 70% of industrial electricity and about 40%–45% of produced electricity in the world. This means that using high-efficiency electric motors will improve the level of energy consumption. In addition, it will reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on the environment. Furthermore, it will significantly reduce the need for new power plants, thus reducing the invested resources to do so. Electric machines employing rare-earth magnets have higher efficiency and power density. However, rare-earth magnets are expensive, and their manufacturing process, as well as the process of mining rare-earth raw materials, is harmful to the environment. Thereby, the development of energy-efficient electric machines without rare-earth magnets is of great interest. The aim of this reprint was to gather new research publications in various topics related to improving the energy efficiency of electric machines without using rare-earth magnets. Ten articles have been published which cover various topics.

The purpose of robot vision is to enable robots to perceive the external world in order to perform a large range of tasks such as navigation, visual servoing for object tracking and manipulation, object recognition and categorization, surveillance, and higher-level decision-making. Among different perceptual modalities, vision is arguably the most important one. It is therefore an essential building block of a cognitive robot. This book presents a snapshot of the wide variety of work in robot vision that is currently going on in different parts of the world.

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This volume is a collection of papers presented at the 2007 colloquium on new perspectives on games and interaction at the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam. The purpose of the colloquium was to clarify the uses of the concepts of game theory, and to identify promising new directions. This important collection testifies to the growing importance of game theory as a tool to capture the concepts of strategy, interaction, argumentation, communication, cooperation and competition. Also, it provides evidence for the richness of game theory and for its impressive and growing application.