Humanities & Social Sciences

Female protagonists are commonly overlooked in the history of crime; especially in early modern Italy, where women’s scope of action is often portrayed as heavily restricted. This book redresses the notion of Italian women’s passivity, arguing that women’s crimes were far too common to be viewed as an anomaly. Based on over two thousand criminal complaints and investigation dossiers, Sanne Muurling charts the multifaceted impact of gender on patterns of recorded crime in early modern Bologna. While various socioeconomic and legal mechanisms withdrew women from the criminal justice process, the casebooks also reveal that women – as criminal offenders and savvy litigants – had an active hand in keeping the wheels of the court spinning.

Materials from the past that wrongly anticipate the future, or present information or judgments that are later proved misleading or erroneous, are sometimes overlooked in reconstructing the past. Yet such documents are as legimiate, and perhaps as important, as those that are vindicated by events or continue to share perspectives with later generations. The five documents reproduced in Nineteenth-Century China are typical of the periods from which they come, but each was overtaken or contradicted by events. Collected with a belief in the legitimacy of attempting to see every period as much as possible in its own terms, these texts offer a glimpse of what China looked like and suggested to Englishmen on the spot in Canton and Hong Kong in the first half of the nineteenth century, and how they viewed their own country and its role vis-à-vis the China they observed. The first two texts in Nineteenth-Century China exemplify the imperialist mind's eagerness to explore the world, to get a picture of all of its parts, and as rapidly as possible to "open" all areas to the benificent influence of the West, notably through an expanded commerce that would enrich its Western masters. Samuel Ball's "Observations" (1817) show how much detailed information was available to Westerners and what the mercantile British were after, and an anonymous dissertation (1838) provides an example of the dream of the China as El Dorado: an immense population of eager traders, hard workers, and willing buyers. The third text (1845) is an early foreshadowing by a colonial official, R. M. Martin, of Western imperial arguments, rationalizations, and attitudes that would become common fifty years later. The fourth selection consists of an exchange of correspondence in 1847 about British access to and use of land in the vicinity of Canton. A short statement of purpose (1848) from the Morrison Education Society, demonstrating a missionary enterprise combining Christian evangelism and English education, concludes the book.

"The Routledge Handbook on Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations brings international scholarship on transnational human rights obligations into a comprehensive and wide-ranging volume. Each chapter combines a thorough analysis of a particular issue area and provides a forward-looking perspective of how extraterritorial human rights obligations (ETOs) might come to be more fully recognized, outlining shortcomings but also best state practices. It builds insights gained from state practice to identify gaps in the literature and points to future avenues of inquiry. The Handbook is organized into seven thematic parts: conceptualization and theoretical foundations; enforcement; migration and refugee protection; financial assistance and sanctions; finance, investment and trade; peace and security; and environment. Chapters summarize the cutting edge of current knowledge on key topics as leading experts critically reflect on ETOs, and, where appropriate, engage with the Maastricht Principles to critically evaluate their value 10 years after their adoption. The Routledge Handbook on Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations is an authoritative and essential reference text for scholars and students of human rights and human rights law, and more broadly, of international law and international relations as well as to those working in international economic law, development studies, peace and conflict studies, environmental law and migration."

In Kenya, cultural and natural heritage has a particular value. This book brings together essays by heritage experts from different backgrounds, including conservation, heritage management, museum studies, archaeology, environment and social sciences, architecture and landscape, geography, philosophy and economics to explore three key themes: the underlying ethics, practices and legal issues of heritage conservation; the exploration of architectural and urban heritage of Nairobi; and the natural heritage, landscapes and sacred sites in relation to local Kenyan communities and tourism. It thus provides an overview of conservation practices in Kenya from 2000 to 2015 and highlights the role of natural and cultural heritage as a key factor of social-economic development, and as a potential instrument for conflict resolution.

The Communist aim of proletarian hegemony in the Chinese revolution was given concrete expression through the Canton Commune—reflected in the policies and strategies that led to the uprising, in the makeup and program of the Soviet setup in Canton, and in the subsequent assessment of the revolt by the Comintern and the Chinese Communist Party. “Proletarian Hegemony” in the Chinese Revolution and the Canton Commune of 1927 describes these developments and, with the further ideological treatment given the Commune serving as a backdrop, will then examine the continuing evolution and ultimate transformation of the proletarian line and the concept of proletarian leadership in the post-1927 history of Chinese Communism. [3]

The article deals with freedom as non-domination, emphasising the importance of protecting individual freedoms against arbitrary power. Through an approach that integrates theories of influential thinkers such as Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum, and in dialogue with Riccardo Del Punta, the author provides a comprehensive framework for reinterpreting labour law.

Several of the most prolific and influential conspiracy theories have originated in Eastern Europe. The far reaching influence of conspiracy narratives can be observed in recent developments in Poland or with regard to the wars waged in Eastern Ukraine and in former Yugoslavia. This volume analyses the history behind this widespread phenomenon as well the role it has played in Eastern European cultures and literature both past and present.

Sex work is often called the oldest profession in the world. It manifests itself in a plethora of forms. A move to private locations is now taking place: contacts are established via the Internet and meetings take place at appointed places. This makes it more difficult to monitor forced work, and exploitation therefore risks remaining undetected. This book presents empirical findings regarding exploitation in various countries, considering sex workers, traffickers and clients, and the fight against human trafficking. Countries differ vastly in their legislative approaches, ranging from highly repressive to very liberal. This volume asks whether the ongoing process of making and changing laws is sufficiently effective in fighting human trafficking. Other interventions could obtain better outcomes, such as promoting more independence among women and helping trafficked individuals to get out. Less ideology and more attention to the facts of exploitation and sex work might help to achieve these aims.

Eutrophication affects many lakes, reservoirs, rivers and coastal areas in France and throughout the world. It has a major disruptive effect on aquatic ecosystems and an impact on assets and associated services, human health and economic activities. This book sets out the available scientific knowledge on this phenomenon. It identifies existing levers for action and the national and international provisions introduced to monitor and combat eutrophication.

Der Band versammelt Beiträge, die sich mit Nachhaltigkeit und Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) unter den Vorzeichen von Digitalität auseinandersetzen. Ziel ist es, Digitalität und Nachhaltigkeit in ein Verhältnis zu setzen und auf dieser Grundlage Bildung in einer «Kultur der Digitalität» zu konturieren. Die praxisbezogenen, empirischen und theoretisch-konzeptionellen Beiträge des Bandes nähern sich diesem Themenfeld auf inter- und transdisziplinäre Weise an. Dabei werden Perspektiven aus Medienbildung, Medien- und Fachdidaktik(en), kultureller Bildung und Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung eingenommen. Der Band richtet sich an Akteur:innen aus schulischen und außerschulischen Bildungskontexten sowie aus der Hochschulbildung.

The call to decolonise has become one of the dominant forces in contemporary art – yet its most radical possibilities are routinely absorbed and neutralised by the institutions of the Global North. Unmaking to Make intervenes in this impasse by turning to Latin America, centring Afro-diasporic and Indigenous perspectives from a region where artistic practice operates at the intersection of aesthetics, politics and social life, and whose thinkers and practitioners have long theorised decolonisation from within. Drawing on essays, curatorial reflections and conversations with contributors from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Martinique, Mexico and Peru, the volume moves across four thematic terrains – counter-genealogies, museums and cultural institutions, the decolonisation of language, and plural temporalities – to show how art unsettles colonial narratives, reshapes knowledge and generates new vocabularies of power. At its core, the volume makes a bold claim: that Latin American artistic practice is not just transforming the canon but articulating a form of thought – one that theorises, enacts and insists upon other worlds. Essential reading for scholars, curators, artists and students of contemporary art, decolonial thought and Latin American cultural politics.

War captivity is a prolific field of research for studies on strong asymmetrical dependency. The contributions in the present volume examine how POWs and civilian internees in different military conflicts, including the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, the two world wars, and the war in Bosnia, have been represented in visual sources. The images of war captivity addressed in the contributions are as heterogeneous as the contexts in which they were produced; they include allegorical representations and official press photographs, amateurish snapshots and propagandistic film recordings, self-drawn camp albums and comics commemorating war. What they have in common, however, is that they not only offer information about POWs and civilian internees but also interpret and emotionalise their experience. Visual sources may, for instance, document how POWs were treated in a particular camp, but they may also stress a certain amount of agency of the POWs; in addition, they may come to play a vital role in how the detaining power is remembered. Images provide evidence of atrocities and comparatively humane treatment alike – and thus may be relevant to the question whether reconciliation might seem possible in the long run.

Religious icons have been a contested terrain across the world. Their implications and understanding travel further than the artistic or the aesthetic and inform contemporary preoccupations.This book traces the lives of religious sculptures beyond the moment of their creation. It lays bare their purpose and evolution by contextualising them in their original architectural or ritual setting while also following their displacement. The work examines how these images may have moved during different spates of temple renovation and acquired new identities by being relocated either within sacred precincts or in private collections and museums, art markets or even desecrated and lost. The book highlights contentious issues in Indian archaeology such as renegotiating identities of religious images, reuse and sharing of sacred space by adherents of different faiths, rebuilding of temples and consequent reinvention of these sites. The author also engages with postcolonial debates surrounding history writing and knowledge creation in British India and how colonial archaeology, archival practices, official surveys and institutionalisation of museums has influenced the current understanding of religion, sacred space and religious icons. In doing so it bridges the historiographical divide between the ancient and the modern as well as socio-religious practices and their institutional memory and preservation. Drawn from a wide-ranging and interdisciplinary study of religious sculptures, classical texts, colonial archival records, British travelogues, official correspondences and fieldwork, the book will interest scholars and researchers of history, archaeology, religion, art history, museums studies, South Asian studies and Buddhist studies.

Translation und Subversion: Wie hängt beides zusammen? Das ist die Leitfrage dieses Sammelbands, der methodische Orientierungen und historische Studien zur Frühen Neuzeit in unterschiedlichen geographischen Settings und interlingualen Konstellationen vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert bietet. Translationswissenschaft, Romanistik, Japanologie, Germanistik und Musikwissenschaft sind die Disziplinen, die der Band zusammenbringt, um die besonders für frühneuzeitliche Übersetzungskulturen wenig gesehenen Gegenläufigkeiten in den Blick zu nehmen und auf subversive Übersetzung als Katalysator interkultureller Widerständigkeit, aber auch Unterwanderung scharfzustellen. Translation and subversion: how are the two related? That is the question pursued by this compilation of methodological orientations and historical studies on the Early Modern period in various geographical settings and interlingual constellations from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Bringing together a broad range of disciplines – translation studies, Romance studies, Japanology, German studies, and musicology – the volume takes a closer look at contrarieties hitherto little noticed, especially with regard to Early Modern translation cultures. In the process it focuses on subversive translation as a catalyst for intercultural resistivity as well as subversive action. Dies ist ein Open Access-Buch / This is an open access book.

This study focuses on the emergence and persistence of immigrant organisations in host societies. The relevance of immigrant organisations for both the host society and the immigrants themselves has been effectively demonstrated in many different studies. However, the question why immigrant organisations emerge and why they often persist over a long period is not adequately answered. In this study a comparative approach is used to reveal the structural determinants of the immigrant organising process. Different theoretical perspectives are combined (immigration model, social movement theory and the organisational ecology model). It is this combination of models, which has not yet been done by other scholars, which determines the value of this study and the contribution to a better understanding of the immigrant organising process. A comparative method is used, analysing Turkish organisations in Amsterdam and Berlin and Surinamese organisations in Amsterdam (1960-2000), to explain the way in which the three explanatory models can be combined in one coherent explanation.