Humanities & Social Sciences

The Chinese Social Credit System (SCS), the first nationwide digitally implemented social rating system, aims to enhance trustworthiness within Chinese society and serves as a critical example of digital transformation of society. It is further designed to improve moral behavior, financial reliability, and social control. The implementation of the SCS is based on a large scale of personal information collection, processing, evaluation, and disclosure, which raises serious privacy concerns. This chapter briefly introduces the SCS before delving into the privacy issues raised by the SCS's two branches: the government-run SCS and the commercial branch. We discuss three major privacy concerns. First, personal information disclosed via the SCS blacklists and redlists is a considerable challenge to privacy and even security. Second, the SCS framework further facilitates personal data flows from the private sector to the government. Third, although the Chinese legal environment for privacy protection is evolving, enforcement is lacking. Finally, we shed light on using SCS data for research.

This volume attempts to create a ‘relief map’ of temporalities in Estonian newspapers over different periods of time. The special focus is on binding the empirical analysis to the theoretical and methodological discussions of the temporality of news(paper) culture. The authors of the articles ask to what extent newspapers report on the past and present and to what extent these reports refer to the future. A diachronic analysis of newspaper texts from different periods of time demonstrates that the temporal focus of newspapers changes over time: in some periods, the past receives remarkably more attention, while in other periods the news timeframe is biased towards current events and the future. One study asks how similar, or different, is the (re)construction of the past in Estonian daily newspapers published in Estonian and Russian in 1994 and 2009. Two articles focus on analysis of the links between social remembering and anniversary journalism. Another article provides an overview of the depiction of women in Estonian newspapers and magazines from 1848 to 1940. This collection revitalizes the study of time in news discourse, suggesting new methodological perspectives and developing interdisciplinary approaches in cultural theory.

Der unter Platons Namen überlieferte Dialog 'Axiochos' beschäftigt sich mit der zeitlosen Frage, ob man vor dem Tod Angst haben muss. Sokrates versucht, seinen sterbenskranken Gesprächspartner Axiochos durch verschiedene philosophische Argumente von seiner Todesfurcht zu befreien. Doch allein die platonische Grundüberzeugung von der Unsterblichkeit der Seele kann Axiochos schließlich überzeugen.

The Kalush are the last Kafirs (pagans) of Hindu Kush and speak an Indo-European language, which makes them a particularly precious resource for the Indo-European scholar. This thesis offers an in-depth study of their language and of some aspects of their culture. Starting from the data collected during a field study in the least well-known of the three Kalasha valleys, on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, the author proposes a contrastive analysis of the everyday language and that used for poetry. This analysis, and the mass of ethnographic data considered, enable the author to identify the socio-cultural reasons behind certain linguistic choices that can be observed in the poetic discourse, thus bringing to light the essence of the relations between language and culture.

American Lobotomy studies a wide variety of representations of lobotomy to offer a rhetorical history of one of the most infamous procedures in the history of medicine. The development of lobotomy in 1935 was heralded as a “miracle cure” that would empty the nation’s perennially blighted asylums. However, only twenty years later, lobotomists initially praised for their “therapeutic courage” were condemned for their barbarity, an image that has only soured in subsequent decades. Johnson employs previously abandoned texts like science fiction, horror film, political polemics, and conspiracy theory to show how lobotomy’s entanglement with social and political narratives contributed to a powerful image of the operation that persists to this day. The book provocatively challenges the history of medicine, arguing that rhetorical history is crucial to understanding medical history. It offers a case study of how medicine accumulates meaning as it circulates in public culture and argues for the need to understand biomedicine as a culturally situated practice.

Neuroimaging methodologies continue to develop at a remarkable rate, providing ever more sophisticated techniques for investigating brain structure and function. The scope of this book is not to provide a comprehensive overview of methods and applications but to provide a 'snapshot' of current approaches using well established and newly emerging techniques. Taken together, these chapters provide a broad sense of how the limits of what is achievable with neuroimaging methods are being stretched.

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Combining research themes with Alberto Magnaghi's intellectual biography, the essay investigates transformations, interconnections and persistences that can be detected between the key concepts of city-factory and urban bioregion, poles between which his long scientific and political career unfolded.

This book explores possible and impossible word meanings, with a specific focus on the meanings of verbs. It adopts the now common view that verb meanings consist at least partly of an event structure, made up of an event template describing the verb’s broad temporal and causal contours that occurs across lots of verbs and groups them into semantic and grammatical classes, plus an idiosyncratic root describing specific, real world states and actions that distinguish verbs with the same template. While much work has focused on templates, less work has addressed the truth conditional contributions of roots, despite the importance of a theory of root meaning in fully defining the predictions event structural approaches make. This book addresses this lacuna, exploring two previously proposed constraints on root meaning: The Bifurcation Thesis of Roots, whereby roots never introduce the meanings introduced by templates, and Manner/Result Complementarity, which has as a component that roots can describe either a manner or a result state but never both at the same time. Two extended case studies, on change-of-state verbs and ditransitive verbs of caused possession, show that neither hypothesis holds, and that ultimately there may be no constraints on what a root can mean. Nonetheless, the book argues that event structures still have predictive value, and it presents a new theory of possible root meanings and how they interact with event templates that produces a new typology of possible verbs, albeit one where not just templates but also roots determine systematic semantic and grammatical properties.

This English translation of Sorel’s Study on Vico opens the way to a radical re-evaluation not only of Sorel’s trajectory, but of his French intellectual contexts, and the anarcho-syndicalism he is sometimes said to represent Readership: Students and researchers of fin de siècle European intellectual history; historians of the social sciences, and Marxism; students of Vico’s legacy and of Sorel’s social thought. Anyone interested in the roots of cultural studies.

Die Rhetorik gegen eine angebliche ‚Genderideologie‘ richtet sich gegen zweierlei: Herrschaftskritik an der Geschlechterordnung und Forderungen nach sexueller und geschlechtlicher Selbstbestimmung. Das Heft analysiert die diskursiven und politischen Strategien der gegen ‚Gender‘ und den Feminismus gerichteten Mobilisierungen im Kontext des Erstarkens von Rechtspopulismus und Rechtsextremismus und fragt nach emanzipatorischen Gegenstrategien. Es bietet einen Überblick über dieses Phänomen, das in der Forschung teils als Antifeminismus, teils als Anti-‚Genderismus‘ bezeichnet wird. Das Heft leistet demnach einen Beitrag zur Schließung von Forschungslücken in einem boomenden interdisziplinären Forschungsfeld.; The rhetoric against an alleged 'gender ideology' is directed against two things: a critique of domination of the gender order and demands for sexual and gender self-determination. The booklet analyses the discursive and political strategies of mobilisations against 'gender' and feminism in the context of the strengthening of right-wing populism and right-wing extremism and asks for emancipatory counter-strategies. It offers an overview of this phenomenon, which in research is sometimes referred to as antifeminism, sometimes as (anti-)genderism. The booklet thus contributes to closing research gaps in a booming interdisciplinary research field.

This is the first Open Access book introducing more than 20 of Japan’s leading innovative entrepreneurs from the 17th century to the present. The author outlines the innovative business models created by entrepreneurs including SoftBank’s Masayoshi Son, Fast Retailing (Uniqlo)’s Yanai Tadashi, Honda’s Soichiro Honda, Sony’s Akio Morita, Panasonic’s Konosuke Matsushita, and Toyota’s Kiichiro Toyoda, as well as their predecessors including Takatoshi Mitsui of Mitsui Zaibatsu, Shibusawa Eiichi of Daiichi Bank. While introducing the innovators, the author also raises three broader questions: 1. Why did Japan industrialize earlier than any other country outside Europe and the United States? 2. Why was Japan able to realize unsurpassed economic growth between the 1910s and the 1980s? 3. Why has Japan’s economy stagnated for more than 30 years since the 1990s? Drawing upon analytical concepts including Schumpeter’s breakthrough innovation, Kirzner’s incremental innovation, and Christensen’s disruptive innovation, the author contends that Japan’s successes were based on unique and systematic breakthrough innovation and an accumulation of incremental innovation, while it later fell victim to a combination of breakthrough innovation from advanced countries and disruptive innovation by developing nations.

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Alongside Living Powers and A is for Aesthetic this book is intended to establish a conceptual frame for the Arts in Education series. The first and primary aim of this symposium is to put teachers of all the arts in touch with some of the most recent and the best writing on the nature of art.

Biosocial Worlds presents state-of-the-art contributions to anthropological reflections on the porous boundaries between human and non-human life – biosocial worlds. Based on changing understandings of biology and the social, it explores what it means to be human in these worlds. Growing separation of scientific disciplines for more than a century has maintained a separation of the ‘natural’ and the ‘social’ that has created a space for projections between the two. Such projections carry a directional causality and so constitute powerful means to establish discursive authority. While arguing against the separation of the biological and the social in the study of human and non-human life, it remains important to unfold the consequences of their discursive separation. Based on examples from Botswana, Denmark, Mexico, the Netherlands, Uganda, the UK and USA, the volume explores what has been created in the space between ‘the social’ and ‘the natural’, with a view to rethink ‘the biosocial’. Health topics in the book include diabetes, trauma, cancer, HIV, tuberculosis, prevention of neonatal disease and wider issues of epigenetics. Many of the chapters engage with constructions of health and disease in a wide range of environments, and engage with analysis of the concept of ‘environment’. Anthropological reflection and ethnographic case studies explore how ‘health’ and ‘environment’ are entangled in ways that move their relation beyond interdependence to one of inseparability. The subtitle of this volume captures these insights through the concept of ‘health environment’, seeking to move the engagement of anthropology and biology beyond deterministic projections. ; Biosocial Worlds brings together state-of-the-art contributions to critical anthropological reflection on, and ethnographic exploration of, human and non-human life in the light of our changing understandings of biology and what it means to be human.