Humanities & Social Sciences

The aim of this thesis is to further develop and evaluate light scattering techniques, namely the dynamic light scattering (DLS), the shadowgraph method, and the differential dynamic microscopy (DDM), for the accurate determination of mass diffusivities in molecular and particulate systems. All of the aforementioned techniques are based on the temporal analysis of fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light. Their experimental realizations, however, differ significantly. While DLS typically detects scattered light in the far-field, the shadowgraph method and DDM analyze the scattered light in the near-field. Moreover, the shadowgraph method relies on the formation of non-equilibrium fluctuations in fluid density in the presence of macroscopic temperature and concentration gradients, whereas DLS and DDM can be applied to systems that are in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this work, DLS and the shadowgraph method were applied to determine the Fick diffusion coefficient in molecular systems. DLS and DDM methods were applied to determine the particle diffusivity in particulate systems. Based on the findings, the distinctions between these light scattering techniques in terms of experimental complexity, data analysis, applicability to various systems, and attainable uncertainty are identified. Guidelines regarding their applicability for the accurate determination of mass diffusivity are presented. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Weiterentwicklung und Bewertung von Lichtstreuungstechniken, nämlich der dynamischen Lichtstreuung (DLS), der Schattenfotographie-Methode und der differenziellen dynamischen Mikroskopie (DDM) zur genauen Bestimmung von Massendiffusionskoeffizienten in molekularen und partikulären Systemen. Alle oben genannten Techniken basieren auf der zeitlichen Analyse von Schwankungen in der Intensität von gestreutem Licht. Ihre experimentelle Umsetzung unterscheidet sich jedoch erheblich. Während DLS typischerweise gestreutes Licht im Fernfeld erkennt, analysieren die Schattenfotographie-Methode und die DDM das gestreute Licht im Nahfeld. Darüber hinaus beruht die Schattenfotographie-Methode auf der Bildung von Nichtgleichgewichtsfluktuationen der Flüssigkeitsdichte in Gegenwart makroskopischer Temperatur- und Konzentrationsgradienten, während DLS und DDM auf Systeme angewendet werden können, die sich im thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht befinden. In dieser Arbeit wurden DLS und die Schattenfotographie-Methode angewendet, um den Fick-Diffusionskoeffizienten in molekularen Systemen zu bestimmen. DLS- und DDM-Methoden wurden angewendet, um die Partikeldiffusionsfähigkeiten in partikulären Systemen zu bestimmen. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen werden die Unterschiede zwischen diesen Lichtstreuungstechniken in Bezug auf experimentelle Komplexität, Datenanalyse, Anwendbarkeit auf verschiedene Systeme und erreichbare Unsicherheit identifiziert. Richtlinien bezüglich ihrer Anwendbarkeit für die genaue Bestimmung der Massendiffusivität werden vorgestellt.

Soil is an irreplaceable resource that sustains life on the planet, challenged by food and energy demands of an increasing population. Therefore, soil contamination constitutes a critical issue to be addressed if we are to secure the life quality of present and future generations. Integrated efforts from researchers and policy makers are required to develop sound risk assessment procedures, remediation strategies and sustainable soil management policies. Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination provides a wide depiction of current research in soil contamination and risk assessment, encompassing reviews and case studies on soil pollution by heavy metals and organic pollutants. The book introduces several innovative approaches for soil remediation and risk assessment, including advances in phytoremediation and implementation of metabolomics in soil sciences.

History, geography, and auxiliary disciplines

What do I need to know in order to successfully complete a translation job? How do I acquire the relevant knowledge? This is what information mining is about. Gaps in a translator’s knowledge can occur in a variety of areas, including linguistic or cultural competence, technological competence, background knowledge about the subject area in question, the details of the translation brief, and familiarity with the requirements of professional practice. This textbook will guide students through the various stages of the information-mining process. The book begins by showing how to identify individual knowledge deficiencies. It then proceeds to discuss ways of finding appropriate resources and evaluating possible solutions, and concludes by providing an overview of options for documenting results for later use. Numerous examples and illustrations facilitate comprehension.

Der G20-Gipfel 2017 in Hamburg ist nicht wegen der vielfältigen Protestformen oder der dort verhandelten Themen in Erinnerung geblieben, sondern vor allem wegen der gewaltsamen Ausschreitungen und Konfrontationen mit der Polizei. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes analysieren die Dynamiken der damaligen Eskalation. Dabei rekonstruieren die Autor:innen Vorgeschichte und Verlauf der Gewalt und die Rolle der (sozialen) Medien, sie nehmen die politische sowie die rechtliche Aufarbeitung in den Blick und beleuchten den polizeilichen Umgang mit Protest. Die Ereignisse um den G20-Gipfel in Hamburg werden so zu einer analytischen Linse, um Eskalationsprozesse und das Verhältnis von Protest und Gewalt besser zu verstehen. Mit Beiträgen von u.a. aus dem Forschungsprojekt Mapping #NoG20 und von Rafael Behr, Priska Daphi, Donatella della Porta, Wilhelm Heitmeyer, Wolfgang Knöbl, Jan Philipp Reemtsma und Matthias Wahlström.

"Visuelle Poesie und buchstabenkombinatorische Texte werden hier neu gelesen als Auseinandersetzung mit den Regeln gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens. Literarische Texte, die die Buchstaben exponieren, etwa Leipogramme, visuelle Poesie und Dialektgedichte, sind keine leere Spielerei, sie zu schaffen dient nicht dem bloßen Ausweis von Meisterschaft. Sie entstehen in der Moderne dank einer produktiven Auseinandersetzung mit der Kabbala und dem historischen Diskurs der Kombinatorik, so Leuenbergers These: Die Texte berufen sich auf die Vorstellung von der Erschaffung der Welt durch Buchstabenkombination. Da seit der Spätantike die Lettern in visuellen Darstellungen und in mystischen und diskursiven Texten oft menschengestaltig dargestellt werden, kann man die Art der Verbindung zwischen den Buchstaben im Text als eine Reflexion über die Regeln des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens lesen. Buchstabentexte prüfen kritisch das bestehende politische System und zeigen durch Neukombination ihrer Elemente Alternativen auf. Sie diskutieren den Umgang der Gesellschaft mit ihrer Geschichte und die Konsequenzen der Erinnerungspolitik für Gegenwart und Zukunft. Und sie thematisieren die Haltung des Gemeinwesens gegenüber der eigenen und fremden Sprache, gegenüber der Sprache und dem Körper des »Anderen«."

This book presents the comprehensive investigation of critical thinking in higher education from the perspectives of the study and labor market. It looks for an answer to the vibrant question of what and to whom critical thinking is. The study brings together findings from systematic literature review, analysis of descriptions of higher education study programs and study subjects, phenomenographical research and survey and supplements the existing perceptions of critical thinking with novel data-driven insights. The book reveals how critical thinking manifests itself in the contexts of higher education and the labor market and advocates for the significance of the critical thinking at personal, interpersonal, and social levels.

Der Begriff der Transkulturalität steht hier im Fokus. Es geht um die Verflechtung der Darstellung in verschiedenen Medien sowie um die Bedeutung mancher Orte, so des Mittelmeerraums, für die Vermittlung zwischen Kulturen. Der neunte Band enthält Beiträge zu folgenden Themen: - Transkulturalität der Religion in Prosatexten der Gegenwart; - Ästhetisch-narrative Strategien der Transkulturalität in Literatur und Film; - Strategien der Avantgarde. Kontinuitäten seit 1910; - Der Mittelmeerraum in Pilger- und Reiseberichten als Schmelztiegel der Kulturen; - Germanistik im Mittelmeerraum – sprachpolitische Perspektiven in Forschung und Lehre

The world's food system is broken, and today's peasant societies are at a crossroads. This collection explores the multiplicity of problems faced by global family agricultures in the current neoliberal era. The contributors, including include Samir Amin, Joao Pedro Stedile and Utsa Patnaik, argue that an understanding of the revival of peasant struggles for their social emancipation and legitimate right of access to land is essential. Financialisation is undermining their work, and must be resisted if they are to construct a new, socially just food system. This is a response to the confusion surrounding how these urgent problems are understood, with the authors offering solutions as to how they should be resolved. They express the importance of the co-operation and cohesion of the various struggles taking place across Latin America, Africa, Asia, Oceania and Europe, and how they must share a common vision for the future.

Many buying decisions are made at the Point of Sale. This fact underlines the outstanding importance of behaviourism, its methods and its efficiency. Therefore this work deals with the classical as well as with recent research methods into buying habits, etc. Validity aspects receive special attention. To demonstrate how much information can be gathered with relatively little effort an adapted form of research at the POS is described. Also suggestions are given to look into the behaviour of the staff at the POS.

In this work, modular damage reduction assistance systems are investigated. Identification modules provide information about the current driving and working state, the machine operator, the bulk material mass and system parameters. Damage modules with complexity reduced calculation approaches allow a quantification of the machine damage. Possible applications and the potential of the assistance systems are demonstrated in a model-based development environment.

This book offers a self-reflective, critical approach to the study of what is popularly known as polyglossia, charting the gradual but marked process of its commoditization over the last 20 years and offering a counterpoint to mainstream positivist treatment of serial language learning. First, from a diagnostic standpoint, the book examines the rise and consolidation of the Polyglot Community in the sociopolitical and economic context of its gradual transformation into and partial overlap with the Polyglot Industry and its ideological tenets (the Polyglot Matrix). Second, from a prognostic standpoint, the book posits Critical Polyglot Studies (CPS) as a much-needed counter to the many theoretical and practical shortcomings of the Polyglot Industry-cum-Matrix, presenting the main programmatic points and illustrative best practices and institutional case studies of this alternative paradigm. CPS is conceived as both a research orientation and as a strategic attempt to elicit debate and draw in a wider range of polyglossia scholars, offering readers with actionable tools to contribute to this emerging academic and activist endeavor. Constituting the first critical and systematic analysis of polyglossia as a globalized phenomenon, this book will be of interest to scholars of linguistics, cultural studies, critical theory, and sociology.

Migration processes have become increasingly complex in recent decades, marked by political, social, and humanitarian transformations. In Chile, human mobility—historically low in scale—has experienced a sustained increase since the 2010s, positioning the country as a key player in regional migration dynamics. This text, Human Mobility: Migration Processes in Their Historical and Recent Dynamics, brings together research from leading specialists who, from an interdisciplinary perspective, analyze human displacement in its historical, social, legal, and cultural dimensions.

The way schools deal with "heterogeneity" of pupils has been the subject of a heated debate for a number of years. The present volume shows how the observation of differences between pupils - such as those in aptitude, behaviour and interest - has increasingly come into focus in schools since the last third of the 19th century. Disputes about how "suitable" learning groups should be put together against this background increasingly determined the picture of educational and school-political debates. Selection mechanisms in the school system between 1880 and 1980 are reconstructed that distinguished between the normal and the non-normal, between the gifted and the less gifted, between those who adapted and those who did not. The contributions examine practices of observing, testing and assessing pupils, the procedures and tests used for this purpose, and the individual, pedagogical and political conditions and consequences associated with them.

This book is a retrospective view of modern philosophical anthropology through the works of two of its greatest exponents. the author demonstrates how mythology, the philosophy of history and language and Vico's concept of man had as a constant referral point Malebranche's psychology with its Cartesian formulation. The idolatrous and mythopoietic imagination that is described in La Scienza Nuova (New Science) has much in common with the "pagan" mind (that is to say the mind subjugated to passions, sensitivity and fantasy that is described in La Recherche (The Search after Truth). Some of the themes discussed here are myth, the metaphoric nature of thought, idolatry, the formation of mentality, the relationships which bind passions and representations and the association of ideas through iconic images. Also discussed are other themes such as the structure of society and imagination, imitation, persuasion and social relationships, communication within society between illustrious imaginations. Moreover in Malebranche has been found a complex and complete theory of imaginative universals (universali fantastici).