Education & Pedagogy

This paper addresses developmental education programs as mechanisms for enhancing the survival rates of disadvantaged populations in higher education. Specifically, the paper identifies and discusses the critical dimensions of effective developmental education programs, including recruitment, admissions, diagnosis and prescription, orientation, special coursework, student financial aid, tutoring, counseling, and evaluation. The recommended guidelines will prove useful to education planners in mapping out the criteria for developing and improving programs designed to assist disadvantaged students not only in adjusting to the college environment, but also in persisting through graduate and postgraduate education. Recommendations for administration, staffing, facilities, and budget planning are included. A selected bibliography is appended. (Author/BE)

This is the report of a conference held in March 1980, for the purposes of sharing, among black educators, experiences with successful education programs and devising strategies for improving ineffective schools. The introductory addresses by Shirley Chisholm and Augustus F. Hawkins are summarized, as are the presentations of John Algee, Mary Berry, Ronald R. Edmonds, Geneva Gay, Carol Gibson, R. David Hall, Norris L. Hogans, John Smith, and Kenneth S. Tollett. Then five workshops given at the conference are discussed in detail. The topics of these workshops were: (1) economics and public financing of schools; (2) community and family concerns; (3) discipline; (4) educational diagnosis, evaluation, and placement in relation to curriculum; and (5) alternative education. A list of conference participants and a selected bibliography are appended to the report. (GC)

The Kentucky Council on Teacher Education and Certification was created in 1972 by the Kentucky General Assembly to "develop and recommend policies and standards relating to teacher preparation and certification". This paper presents eight areas in which the Council has initiated study and action: (1) educational policy determination by professional and lay groups; (2) clarification of authority and responsibilities of agencies controlling teacher education; (3) availability of competent teachers; (4) extension of initial teacher preparation programs; (5) resource allocation for quality in teacher education programs; (6) improvement of standards and procedures for entry into and graduation from teacher preparation programs; (7) strengthening of the accreditation process; and (8) support of inservice education through college and university resources. A list of major studies conducted by the Council from 1972-1979 and a description of the functions and composition of the Council are appended. (FG)

Databases and clearinghouses useful in education are described in this publication. Section one, "Databases," contains one-page summaries of 54 databases of interest to educators, covering a variety of subjects, such as energy and environmental education, psychology, funding sources, language, special education, art, child abuse and neglect, and research on early childhood and adolescent development. Section two, "Clearinghouses," consists of one-page summaries of 30 clearinghouses as well as a list of the 16 clearinghouses and network components of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). Subject areas covered include consumer education, women's equity, adult education, test collection, community education, drug abuse, and nutrition education. Each database and clearinghouse summary includes such information s the acronym; name of database; major subject area(s); date established; publications/print journals; thesaurus/search aids; types of source documents; forms of retrievable information; and information contact. A sample computer search, using one of seven questions, is provided for many of the databases. (Author/JD)

A COMPARISON OF PRESERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS WAS PERFORMED IN THE AREAS OF (1) TEACHER ATTITUDES AND PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS, (2) GENERAL EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION, (3) PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION KNOWLEDGE, AND (4) GENERAL INTELLIGENCE. ALMOST 5,000 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION STUDENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES RECEIVED A 12-HOUR BATTERY OF STANDARDIZED TESTS. THE RESULTS ON THE TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTITUDES MEASURED INDICATED THAT STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES WERE MORE LEARNING-CENTERED OR TRADITIONAL AND LESS CHILD-CENTERED OR PERMISSIVE IN THEIR APPROACH TO TEACHING THAN WERE THEIR BRITISH COUNTERPARTS. AMERICAN STUDENTS APPEARED TO HAVE BETTER PREPARATION IN MEASURED AREAS OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. OTHER RESULTS SHOWED A LARGE NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES AND SOME DEFINITE PATTERNS. (JM)

A DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT PRACTICES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE 50 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION IN THE FIELDS OF NEW EDUCATIONAL MEDIA AND AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES WAS THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. SUMMARY INFORMATION WAS ACQUIRED TO ASSIST THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION AND THE CHIEF STATE SCHOOL OFFICERS IN PLANNING STATE ACTIVITIES RELATED TO NEW EDUCATIONAL MEDIA AND AUDIOVISUAL EDUCATION. THE INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THREE BROAD CATEGORIES--(1) A SUMMARY OF NATIONAL PATTERNS OF ACTIVITIES IN STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION, (2) INDIVIDUAL DESCRIPTIVE REPORTS OF EACH STATE'S ACTIVITIES, AND (3) COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS IN REFERENCE TO THE ROLE OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION IN NEW MEDIA AND AUDIOVISUAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES. APPENDIXES OF THIS STUDY CAN BE FOUND IN ERIC DOCUMENT, ED 003 115. (HB)

THE STUDY DEALT WITH THE BENEFITS FROM PUBLIC EDUCATION TO PEOPLE OTHER THAN STUDENTS AND THEIR PARENTS. THE INVESTIGATION WAS A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMICS OF PUBLIC EDUCATION. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY INCLUDED (1) METHODOLOGICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES, (2) SOCIAL BENEFITS FROM PUBLIC EDUCATION, AND (3) PARTICULAR BENEFITS AND THEIR EXTERNAL COMPONENTS. CLAYTON, MISSOURI, WAS USED AS THE COMMUNITY TO WHICH A MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL OF THE DETERMINANTS OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURES WAS APPLIED. THIS MODEL DEMONSTRATED THAT EXPENDITURES PER STUDENT ARE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED WITH THE DEGREE OF SPILLOVER. THE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL DECISIONS CONCERNED WITH PUBLIC PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION PERMEATE THE ENTIRE SOCIETY. FINDINGS HAVE ALSO SUGGESTED THAT ANALYSIS OF THE NATURE, MAGNITUDE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS FROM PUBLIC EDUCATION MAY PROVIDE AN EXPLANATION FOR A VARIETY OF ASPECTS OF PUBLIC BEHAVIOR INVOLVING EDUCATION. (WB)

AT NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE STUDENT TEACHER SEMESTER CONSISTS OF A PERIOD OF 7 WEEKS ON CAMPUS AND 10 WEEKS OFF CAMPUS IN A STUDENT TEACHING CENTER. FROM 1960 TO 1965, ALL AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION SENIORS (166) WHO UNDERWENT STUDENT TEACHING WERE GIVEN A 29-ITEM ATTITUDE INVENTORY AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF THE SEMESTER. THE STUDY FINDINGS SHOWED THAT (1) EACH OF THE 6-YEAR GROUPS SHOWED A GAIN IN FAVORABLE ATTITUDE TOWARD ADULT EDUCATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL, (2) STUDENT ATTITUDE SCORES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SEMESTER WERE LOWER DURING THE LAST HALF OF THE STUDY, (3) END OF THE SEMESTER SCORES WERE HIGHER DURING THE LAST 3 YEARS, AND (4) BEFORE THEIR TEACHING SEMESTER, STUDENTS FELT TEACHERS SHOULD DEVOTE FROM 31 TO 43.7 PERCENT OF THEIR TIME TO ADULT EDUCATION. AFTER STUDENT TEACHING, THE RANGE BECAME 35.9 TO 48.3 PERCENT. (PS)

A STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES PERTAINING TO THE EDUCATION AND ACCULTURATION OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS WAS PRESENTED. INCLUDED WAS ACCEPTANCE OF THE REALITY OF THE ANGLO-SAXON AND HISPANIC ETHIC IN THE SOUTHWEST, USE OF THIS CULTURAL BUFFER AREA AS A FRAMEWORK FOR ACCULTURATION OF THE TWO GROUPS, AND RECOGNITION OF A FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF CULTURE AS IT RELATES TO THE GROWTH OF HUMAN PERSONALITY. RECOMMENDATIONS TO FURTHER THESE PRINCIPLES INCLUDED THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A COUNSELING PROGRAM. COUNSELORS WERE TO SERVE AS LIAISONS BETWEEN THE SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY, TO STRENGTHEN A STUDENT'S CULTURAL AWARENESS AND SELF-IMAGE, AND TO ESTABLISH A DEFINITE AND SPECIFIC PROGRAM FOR COMPENSATORY EDUCATION. ORGANIZATION OF AN ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAM IS RECOMMENDED. ALSO RECOMMENDED WERE ORGANIZATION OF--AN ADULT EDUCATION PROGRAM, GUIDANCE AND TESTING SERVICES, AN EXPANDED VOCATIONAL PROGRAM IN THE HIGH SCHOOL.

THE EVALUATION STUDIES OF OAKLAND'S COMPENSATORY EDUCATION PROGRAMS FUNDED UNDER TITLE I OF THE 1965-66 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT (ESEA) ARE SUMMARIZED IN THIS ABSTRACT OF THE FULL REPORT ON THE PROGRAMS. THE PROJECT AS A WHOLE HAD SEVEN PROGRAM COMPONENTS--REMEDIAL AND CORRECTIVE SERVICES, SUPPORTIVE AND AUXILIARY SERVICES, SUMMER SCHOOL, EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION, CULTURAL ENRICHMENT, INSERVICE EDUCATION AND CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, AND TEACHER AIDE SERVICES. THE EVALUATION FORMAT CONTAINS A DESCRIPTION OF EACH OF THESE PROGRAMS, THEIR FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THEIR EFFECTIVENESS, AND A REFERENCE TO THE LOCATION OF THE RELEVANT MATERIAL IN THE FULL REPORT. ALSO INCLUDED HERE IS A REPORT OF THE PARENT INTERVIEW SURVEY OF OPINIONS ABOUT THE ESEA PROGRAM SERVICES. (NH)

THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE TRENDS AND THE RISING PROBLEMS IN THE FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION. SPECIFIC TOPICS DISCUSSED INCLUDE--THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPENDITURES ON EDUCATION AND NATIONAL INCOME, THE DETERMINANTS OF EXPENDITURES ON EDUCATION, THE TREND IN DIRECT SUBSIDIES VERSUS SCHOLARSHIPS, THE FINANCIAL PRESSURES ON PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, THE RELATIVE COSTS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING, THE SOURCES OF THE FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION, THE CONTRIBUTION OF TUITION TO EDUCATIONAL FINANCE, AND THE USE OF PUBLIC MONEY FOR FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED AT THE COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP SERVICE COLLOQUIUM ON FINANCIAL AID (3D, FONTANA, WISCONSIN, MAY 22-25, 1966) AND THE COMPLETE DOCUMENT, OF WHICH THIS IS ONE PAPER,"THE ECONOMICS OF HIGHER EDUCATION," IS AVAILABLE FOR $2.00 FROM THE COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION BOARD, PUBLICATIONS ORDER OFFICE, BOX 592, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 08540. (HW)

TO ASSIST THOSE WHO MAKE DECISIONS RELATING TO EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURE, RECENT RESEARCH IN VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE IS SUMMARIZED. A 1963 STUDY TREATS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORK EXPERIENCE AND STUDENT CHARACTERISTICS, PLANS, AND ASPIRATIONS. STUDIES ON POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION CONCERN GUIDELINES FOR TECHNICIAN PROGRAMS, JUSTIFICATION FOR A JUNIOR COLLEGE PROGRAM, BACKGROUND IN VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE RELATED TO SUCCESS IN COLLEGE, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE STUDENTS. STUDENT FOLLOWUP STUDIES TREAT EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE, VALUE OF VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE IN OCCUPATIONS, AND OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF FORMER VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURE STUDENTS. AGRI-BUSINESS STUDIES TREAT DETERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNICAL WORKERS IN AGRICULTURE AND THEIR NEEDS FOR TRAINING PROGRAMS. STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR ADULTS TREAT ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN RELATION TO FARMER'S SOCIO-ECONOMIC VALUES TO CROP YIELD, FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUCCESS IN ADULT FARMER EDUCATION, AND EDUCATION OF MIGRANT CHILDREN. (JM)

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ESTABLISH A 4-YEAR BUSINESS AND DISTRIBUTIVE EDUCATION CURRICULUM TO SERVE AS A GUIDE FOR IMPLEMENTING AND IMPROVING PROGRAMS IN THE STATE. THE MATERIAL WAS DEVELOPED BY STATE BUSINESS EDUCATION SUPERVISORS AND TRIAL TESTED AMONG BUSINESS EDUCATION COORDINATORS AND TEACHERS AND IN SEMINARS. BASED ON 26 STATEMENTS OF CRITERIA FOR A CURRICULUM IN A MODEL BUSINESS EDUCATION PROGRAM, SUBJECT SEQUENCES FOR HIGH SCHOOLS WITH AND WITHOUT OUT-OF-SCHOOL WORK PROGRAMS WERE DEVELOPED. WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMS, EXPLORATORY AND CAREER PROGRAMS, AND PROGRAMS FOR SMALL HIGH SCHOOLS, THE SLOW LEARNERS, AND COLLEGE STUDENTS ARE DESCRIBED. SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRES FOR USE IN PLANNING PROGRAMS, AND REPORT FORMS ARE INCLUDED. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FOR $1.50 FROM VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL CURRICULUM LABORATORY, RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, 10 SEMINARY PLACE, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY 08903. (PS)

IN SIR THOMAS MORE'S "UTOPIA," UNIVERSAL ADULT EDUCATION IS PART OF A SOCIAL IDEA, AND LABOR AND EDUCATION ARE THE MORAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE SOCIETY. WHILE THE STORY OF UTOPIA IS BASED ON CONTRASTS BETWEEN THE EXISTING SOCIETY AND AN IDEAL COMMONWEALTH, IT IS LINKED TO REALITY BY RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN THE CULTURAL PURSUITS OF ADULTS IN UTOPIA AND THE ADULT EDUCATION ACTIVITIES CONNECTED WITH RENAISSANCE SCHOLARSHIP IN ENGLAND DURING THE LATE 1400'S AND EARLY 1500'S. THE PROMOTION OF GREEK STUDIES BY WILLIAM GROCYN, THOMAS LINACRE, ERASMUS, AND OTHERS, INCLUDING MORE HIMSELF, LED TO EXPANDED GRAMMAR SCHOOL EDUCATION AND TO REFORMS IN UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, AND DEMONSTRATED THE POWER OF ADULT LEARNING AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL CHANGE. THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FROM H.P. SMITH PUBLICATIONS, 27 HARLEY, ROAD, OXFORD, ENGLAND. 48 PAGES. (LY)

THIS ANNOATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WAS COMPILED AND PUBLISHED FOR THE OFFICE OF EDUCATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH AN AGREEMENT WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION. IT CONTAINS OVER 200 ITEMS PUBLISHED IN INDIA DURING THE 1966 AND EARLY 1967. CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE ARE HEAVILY REPRESENTED--UNIVERSITY LEVEL COURSES, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, EXAMINATIONS AND STUDENT EVALUATION, HIGHER EDUCATION, EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND POLICY, CAUSES AND PATTERNS OF STUDENT UNREST, TEACHING METHODS AND TEACHNIQUES (INCLUDING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, AND PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION), GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING, TEACHER EDUCATION, AND FACETS OF ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANIZATION. ITEMS ARE ALSO INCLUDED ON CURRICULUM PLANNING, EDUCATIONAL SOCIOLOGY, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, ACADEMIC STANDARDS, HEALTH CARE, PUBLIC SCHOOLS, ADULT EDUCATION, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, AND USE OF REGIONAL LANGUAGES AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION. THERE IS A LIST OF THE PERIODICALS ABSTRACTED. (LY)