Education & Pedagogy

Recent political, fiscal, and educational equity challenges require a renewed emphasis in our efforts to advocate for increased culturally and linguistically responsive education, making certain to further advance the accomplishments of the past four decades. The education of diverse exceptional learners is well established within the fields of special education and culturally and linguistically diverse education. However, drawing on several contemporary features that currently shape education in today's schools, the authors examine the need for continued special education advocacy to ensure appropriate referral, assessment, and instruction of all culturally and linguistically diverse exceptional (CLDE) learners within the changing pre-K-postsecondary teaching and learning environments. Implications and recommendations for educator preparation at the pre and inservice levels are provided to guide the future development of teachers of CLDE learners.

Currently, only 1% of refugees worldwide have access to postsecondary education as compared to global enrollment rates of 34%. In view of this disparity, it is clear that access to education is problematic for refugee youth. Recognizing the challenges associated with the inaccessibility to higher education for refugee youth and the long-term negative impact of this lack of access to individuals and nations, the purpose of this paper is to advocate for the expansion of refugee education initiatives to include community colleges as education gateways for higher education. Toward this end, the paper will include recommendations such as the use of technology, the implementation of peer learning models between host and refugee students, and enhanced cross-cultural training for faculty to improve access to underrepresented, disadvantaged, and underserved students such as refugee youth.

This article focuses on the views of pre-service teachers regarding an appropriate model for integrating HIV/AIDS education at a Faculty of Education. The final-year foundation and intermediate phase teachers were introduced to integrating HIV/AIDS education in Mathematics education and reflected on their four years of training. By using self-study methodology, the opinions and experiences of pre-service teachers of the two models of HIV/AIDS education in teacher preparation were explored, aiming to improve the manner in which pre-service teachers could be prepared to teach in the social and educational context of HIV/AIDS. The pre-service teachers indicated that they are under-prepared to teach in this context. Pre-service teachers were of the opinion that they could, however, be better prepared through HIV/AIDS teacher education that includes both discipline/subject and integrated models of teacher education.

Higher education with Chinese characteristics is inherently embedded in both Chinese traditional culture and Chinese modern political culture. This article examines the ontological conception of higher education with Chinese characteristics from both conceptual and political perspectives. First, by illustrating the Government agenda and politics for the construction of higher education with Chinese characteristics, this article explains the particular roles played by individual universities and colleges. The article then moves on to describe the ontological conceptual framework used in identifying higher education with Chinese characteristics for the purpose of showing how higher education with Chinese characteristics differs from Western dominated higher education concepts and models. Both the distinction between the Eastern and Western contexts and the integration of the globalization and localization are involved in construction of the concept of higher education with Chinese characteristic. The final section considers the policy implications for the developing higher education with Chinese characteristics.

This paper sets out the ways in which technologies for learning have been at the heart of education for development for millennia, not as is sometimes thought only in the last 30 years of the digital revolution. Short case studies of the University of London External System and the Open University UK set out the development outcomes of these major distance education innovations. The context of widening access to Higher Education is acknowledged, in particular from the perspectives of student success and dropout. The major dimensions of open education enabled by digital affordances are elaborated, and their contribution to development acknowledged. Finally, the article suggests that the move to mass Higher Education systems in an overall majority of countries over the period of the UN Sustainable Development Goals will see the distinctions between online and campus-based modes diminished.

While scholars recognize that digital technology is a major tool employed by contemporary learners to access knowledge, its full capacity is yet to be utilized. This paper investigates opportunities to increase individual learning engagement and knowledge retention in higher education and corporate environments through integrating educational content with innovative digital technology. Currently, within commonly adopted e-learning platforms, the most utilized online content delivery and student progress assessment tools in leadership education appear to be discussion-based instruction, along with written assignments, and research projects (Jenkins, 2016). To inform leadership educators' choice in innovative tools for increased effectiveness of instruction, this paper shares an experience of delivering integrated global leadership education pedagogical content (i.e., cross-cultural competency instruction for graduate management class at a U.S.-based public university) within a gamified real-time multiuser learning platform--"MyAltis"--and discusses implications for leadership education.

This study aims to examine the compulsory courses related to the game and game teaching in special education teacher training undergraduate programme in terms of number, term, credit and content. The data in descriptive study have been determined using document analysis technique. It has been stated that pre-service teachers in most of the EU countries such as Belgium, Finland, Hungary, Luxemburg, Malta, Portugal, etc. take the courses related to game teaching in the first, second and third years of their education, and the courses with the lowest credit are included in Greece's and Holland's special education teacher training programmes with four ECTS and the highest credits are included in Malta's special education teacher training programme with 20 ECTS. In Turkey, special education teacher training programme which is updated in 2018 includes two ECTS of 'Game and Music in Special Education' course in the sixth term.

By assessing differentiated upper secondary education with homogeneous student backgrounds, previous studies indicate that a high concentration of students from families of higher socioeconomic status (SES) and a climate of educational expectations for higher educational attainment in schools result in a "hot house" effect that facilitates students' shadow education participation. Building on the literature, this study investigates whether the effect exists in an egalitarian system as a possible hidden mechanism of inequality in learning opportunities due to de facto socioeconomic disparities among residential places. Using a nationally representative sample of ninth graders in Japan, this study identifies the hot house effect on shadow education participation in the compulsory education system, which is regarded as egalitarian. Specifically, family SES relates to parents' educational expectations, neighborhood SES appears to shape varying neighborhood-level expectations, and these factors lead to differentiation in shadow education participation, countering the intention of the egalitarian education system.

Although more nuanced understandings of assessment have been proposed in the physical education literature, assessment practices remain relatively underdeveloped, and when used, tend to focus on traditional, summative evaluations of learning. However, physical education teacher education programs can be used as an intervention to help pre-service teachers develop assessment knowledge and skill. Toward this end, the purpose of this article is to propose an evidence-based framework for helping pre-service teachers develop assessment literacy that is rooted in occupational socialization theory. The framework provides a four-phase approach to integrating assessment into teacher education, and includes suggestions for how physical education teacher educators can progressively help build pre-service teachers' assessment knowledge in line with the focus given to instruction and planning. These suggestions acknowledge the technical and sociocultural aspects of learning to use assessment. Implications are discussed along with the need to help graduating pre-service teachers transfer lessons learned into the workplace.

This paper is about HE in FE (higher education in further education) in England. The content reflects on the nature of this form of higher education by presenting research findings from a qualitative inductive research study. The policy-makers ideally wish to see higher education leading to vocational expertise and employability. The research has explored whether or not the perceptions of the policy-makers are shared by selected academics and students. The research findings reveal that although some of the participants reflect some of the views of the policy-makers, other interpretations of HE in FE are present that differ from the policy documents. The paper interprets this educational context according to a theoretical framework that is based on interpreting theories of literacy as social practice. This enables the content to make an original contribution in knowledge to an under-researched form of higher education in England.

A curriculum framework to support the integration of academic content to support students' development of 21st century skills including critical thinking and problems solving skills is notably absent from agricultural education. An integrative agricultural education framework is conceptualized through a review of literature in STEM education to establish integrative teaching practices. A focus on the development of students' quantitative reasoning skills through agriculture content hones the focus of the curriculum framework. Quantitative reasoning is the ability to confidently approach unique and complex problems in a real-life context by applying mathematical skill, knowledge, and reasoning. The integrative agricultural education framework developed was used to design an evaluative rubric for teachers, administrators, and curriculum designs to use as a tool for building both integrative teaching and mathematics into agricultural education curriculums intentionally and fluidly.

England's Further Education (FE) sector is in permanent flux with policy interpretations and translations taking place at multiple levels within increasingly large and complex multi-site organisations. Devolved responsibility gives managers considerable influence in policy enactment processes which can lead to within-college tensions between vocational and mathematics teachers. This paper examines two within-college policies affecting students' mathematics learning opportunities: (1) subject choice, and (2) examination entry levels. These policies have produced inequitable opportunities for students on different vocational study programmes. Given the strategic importance of improving mathematics education, this paper explains how multiple actors and structures interact in the enactment of policy in complex FE college settings. Such understandings are needed to inform better policy design and implementation that in turn can improve mathematics education in Further Education colleges in England.

Research was undertaken to understand the experiences of students entering the University of Technology Sydney through vocational education pathways, with the aim of improving transition support for these students. A theme which emerged was the pivotal role played by the students' vocational education teachers in facilitating their students' self-belief that they had the capacity to succeed in their studies. This, together with increased academic skills and knowledge, provide students with the confidence and capabilities to continue on to university. The theoretical framework of institutional habitus and Gale and Parker's conceptualisation of transition are utilised to analyse findings about the impact of the vocational educational learning environment upon students' transition to university, and how the students experience and manage the transition between the different education sectors.

Gary Miller is the executive director emeritus of the Penn State World Campus. Prior to his retirement he served as associate vice president for outreach and executive director of continuing and distance education at The Pennsylvania State University. In 2004 he received the Mildred B. and Charles A. Wedemeyer Award, presented jointly by "The American Journal of Distance Education" and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Leslie Cano is a third-year Ph.D. candidate in the Lifelong Learning and Adult Education program at The Pennsylvania State University. This article provides a transcript of an interview with Miller. Miller discusses his background, distance education, how he envisions extending the university as it applies to people today, and his thoughts on how the strategic use of online learning can enhance the institution's engagement with important other sectors in the community for example, K-12 schools, businesses, and other institutions of higher education.

This paper investigates the rural-urban inequalities in basic education of contemporary China. The China Education Panel Survey (2013-2014) (CEPS) was utilized to analyze the gaps between rural and urban inequality in junior high schools in terms of three domains, which include the equalities of access, inputs, and outcomes. From the sociocultural and sociopolitical perspective, the household registration system impeded the improvement and development of Chinese basic education. The study found that insufficient funding and support provided the cumulative negative impacts on educational mobility and equality. The regional basic education divide was caused by ineffective and unequal allocation of education resources. This analysis also addresses a number of pertinent economic and political issues related to basic education in current China.