Education & Pedagogy

This volume addresses issues surrounding the regulation and legalization of public education. The introduction, "The Fourth R: Reading, Writing, 'Rithmetic--and Rules" (David L. Kirp), is followed by essays organized in two parts. Part 1, "Regulation and Education," contains the following: "Before Legalism: The New Deal and American Education" (Paula S. Fass); "From Compliance to Learning: Implementing Legally-Induced Reform" (Paul Berman); "Regulating Business, Regulating Schools: The Problem of Regulatory Unreasonableness" (Robert A. Kagan); "The Culture of Policy: Aggregate versus Individualist Thinking about the Regulation of Education" (Ann Swidler); "Teachers' Regulation of the Classroom" (William K. Muir, Jr.); "Educational Paperwork" (Eugene Bardach); "Implementation and Intervention Strategies: The Case of 94-142" (Guy Benveniste); "Education and Federalism: Doctrinal, Functional and Strategic Views" (Richard Elmore); and "The Deregulation Critique of the Federal Role in Education" (William H. Clune). Part 2, "Legalization and Education," contains the following essays: "Toward a Social History of Law and Public Education" (David Tyack); "Limited Monarchy: The Rise and Fall of Student Rights" (Lawrence M. Friedman); "Organizational Factors Affecting Legalization in Education" (John W. Meyer); "Conflicts of Interest in Educational Reform Litigation" (Deborah L. Rhode); "Just Schools" (Doris Fine); "The Legalization of State Educational Policymaking in California" (Donald N. Jensen and Thomas M. Griffin); "The Allure of Legalization Reconsidered: The Case of Special Education" (David Neal and David L. Kirp); and "The New Federalism Goes to Court" (David L. Kirp and Donald N. Jensen). Notes follow each paper and an index is appended. (MLF)

The issue of governance has been an area of continuing concern among vocational educators at the federal, state, and local levels for the past two decades. Since the Vocational Education Act of 1963 called for the creation of a single state agency to administer or supervise the operation of vocational education programs, local, state, and federal agencies have struggled with the implementation of that mandate. Today, the governance of vocational agencies in the states has been classified as of four types. Florida has the type designated as "Type A"--one agency for all levels of instruction. However, the actual operation of vocational education programs is an enterprise in which local, regional, and state governments participate. In order to determine the best way to improve Florida's vocational education governance, governance issues were examined in the light of the requirements of the federal mandate and intent, in the light of the experience of other states, and in the light of scholarly insight. The results of studies examined suggest that vocational education in Florida would not be enhanced if it were administered through community colleges, nor is the present system in which postsecondary education is lumped with secondary vocational education and other educational programs optimal. A third possibility, therefore, should be considered. Drawing from the system found in Hawaii, a case can be made for coordination from the top. Vocational education in Florida could benefit from a single highly placed officer (deputy commissioner of education) who would oversee the operation of the Division of Vocational, Adult, and Community Education to benefit the entire state. Continued use of Regional Coordinating Councils is also recommended. (KC)

This book focuses on the forces that will shape education politics and policy into the 21st century. Ten chapters written by prominent educators center on the roles to be played by education professionals, local citizen groups, government agencies, and business leaders in shaping education policy, responses to racial and ethnic segregation, school restructuring, technology utilization, and the development of education politics and policy. The introductory chapter by Margaret E. Goertz examines the changing social, economic, technological, and political environment shaping education politics for the 21st century, and provides an overview of the contents of this book. David Clark and Terry Astuto predict no change in direction for federal education policy in chapter 2. In chapter 3, Gary Orfield and Lawrence Peskin, in their discussion and description of the "Atlanta Compromise," argue that if attempts are not made to integrate urban schools, poor and minority children will be condemned to attend schools that are both separate and equal. Chapters 4 (Thomas Timar) and 5 (Mary Metz) explore political, institutional, and cultural forces that shape school restructuring efforts. In chapter 6, Philip Piele examines the utilization of technology in the classroom and argues that technological innovation will not begin to change schools until it offers an educationally viable, cost-effective alternative to the classroom teacher. Chapters 7 (Kent McGuire) and 8 (Carol Ray and Rosalyn Mickelson) explore the role of business in education reform. In chapter 9, Ian Birch and Don Smart examine the forces of change in Australian education politics. The final chapter ends with a historical review of the foundations of the politics of education and an appraisal of issues likely to control policy making in the years ahead. (JAM)

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether Amartya Sen's capability approach can suggest an appropriate theory of education for ethical development. Many advocates of Sen's capability approach insist that his approach is superior to rival theories of education, including the human capital theory. This is because Sen emphasizes the purpose and various roles of education for achieving substantial freedom while rival theories focus on the instrumental aspects of education. A focus on rival educational theories often results in the negative effects seen occurring in colonial education. In principle, we agree with the advocates of Sen's capability approach. However, we doubt that Sen's emphasis is sufficient for guaranteeing that his capability approach is the appropriate theory of education for application in the context of ethical development. It does not have theoretical completion, and it gives no guidance as to conflict resolution concerning the roles, or value, of education. Nor does it give guidance as to how to implement pedagogical strategies. This incompletion allows economically instrumental values to dominate intrinsic values and non-economically instrumental values, as seen with the educational Millennium Development Goals. This prioritization is what has occurred in colonial education through the application of human capital theory. We suggest that in Sen's capability approach, firstly, the meaning of the intrinsic value of education should be clarified; secondly, the non-economically instrumental roles of education should be explicated in the context of development; and finally, the priority of the intrinsic and the non-economically instrumental roles of education value should be taken over the economically instrumental values. In this revised theory, people's substantive freedom is achievable through education, people's aboriginal identities and values remain intact, and developing countries take seriously pedagogical strategies.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study the factors which facilitate the increase of effectiveness of university education and determination of perspectives of their management for provision of maximization of effectiveness of university education by the example of modern Russia. Design/methodology/approach: The authors define the notion and sense of effectiveness of university education under the conditions of market economy, conduct theoretical review, classify factors which facilitate the increase of effectiveness of university education, and conduct regression and correlation analyses of influence of various factors on effectiveness of university education. Findings: As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that the volume of financing of science is not a factor of efficiency of scientific activities of Russian universities; the most important factors of effectiveness of university education are the number of universities and quantity of academic staff. Perspectives of provision of maximization of university education effectiveness in modern Russia are related to management of human capital -- academic staff of universities -- and finding a balance of quantitative growth and increase of quality of university education. Practical implications: Practical significance of the conducted research consists in the fact that its results could be used during development and conduct of the state policy for the management of effectiveness of the system of university education in modern Russia. Originality/value: The research has high theoretical significance, as it contributes to the development of the concept of effectiveness and understanding of foundations of management of the system of university education under the conditions of market economy.

Cultural values and identities remain the bench mark for national identity, cohesion, patriotism and harmonious coexistence in any society. The introduction of western education into West Africa created a weak bridge between the indigenous education and the western education which needs to be properly linked using curriculum harmonisation. This paper examines how far the curriculum of early childhood education in Nigeria link with indigenous education which is the child first point of learning. Four research questions guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with a population of 655 public primary schools that house early childhood centers spread across the 23 local government areas of Rivers State. A sample size of 164 head teachers in early childhood centers was drawn using stratified random sampling technique representing 25% of the population. Questionnaire which was validated was used as the instrument and the reliability yielded an index of 0.81. Mean and rank order scores were used to answer the research questions. The findings revealed among others, that methodologies that used gamification can be linked with early childhood education and indigenous education. These include storytelling, riddles, animal clowning, demonstration, stone counting, and local farm tools by the teachers. This implies that the teachers are aware of the ways gamification can be used to link early childhood education with indigenous education but do not use most of these methods probably it is not highlighted in their scheme of work. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that the western curriculum should be developed base on an indigenous knowledge of early childhood in teacher training institution curriculum for early childhood education.

In "Moral-Character Development for Teacher Education," Daniel Lapsley and Ryan Woodbury argue that teacher education licensure and accreditation standards largely ignore matters of values, character, and morality. "The moral-character formation of children," they note, "is the instructional objective that dare not speak its name." Although academics, school practitioners, and even parents expect school to help develop character in students, "nobody wants to be caught teaching values." They go on to suggest three strategies for including character education in teacher training. The first two, "Best Practice" and "Broad Character Education" tie the goals of moral and character education to other cognitive and socioemotional goals. The third, "Intentional Moral-Character Education" defines character education not expansively as in the first two approaches, but narrowly: It "would have an explicit theory of action whose objective is to influence the moral formation of children." In this commentary, the author directs his brief response to two areas that piqued his interest and concern. By situating their call for values-based teacher education within the discourse of moral and character education, Lapsley and Woodbury implicitly invoke a significant history of the depoliticized idea of the public sphere and the good society; in so doing, they fail to articulate a broader critique of "moral" lapses in social, political, and economic policy reform that create the very conditions they seek to ameliorate. Lapsley and Woodbury presume a universality of moral goals that the author finds problematic. They also hold up several programmatic examples of their particular values in action that are thought to contradict the broader goals their article articulates. [For "Moral-Character Development for Teacher Education," see EJ1119792.]

Accessing higher education without having to overcome bureaucratic hurdles is a serious concern for refugees. Although empirical studies on the integration and success of refugees in higher education are scarce, the challenges related to this issue are becoming apparent. The Success and Opportunities for Refugees in Higher Education (SUCCESS) research project has been launched to investigate the effectiveness of new online study programs offered on the Kiron Open Higher Education (Kiron) platform that provides refugees with access to Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). SUCCESS measures the prior knowledge and skills of refugee students and investigates to what extent their study opportunities, learning processes, and chances of academic success can be improved effectively through different forms of support provided in Kiron. In this paper, we present the assessment framework and study design of the SUCCESS project as well as data on 1,376 students entering the study program in Kiron in summer 2017. As students' language skills, intellectual abilities, and prior study-related knowledge play a significant role in their performance in higher education degree programs, we focus on the crucial introductory study phase and valid diagnostics of students' study preconditions. We analyze refugee students' sociobiographical and educational data such as gender, country of origin, highest level of education achieved etc. and examine their English language skills, intellectual abilities, and previous study domain related knowledge. We find extreme differences in levels of education and preconditions on starting to study in Kiron. Based on these results, we discuss implications for the effective and successful integration of refugee students in higher education.

The main directions of evolution and trends in pedagogical education development in European countries have been analyzed. It has been found that modernization of pedagogical education in Ukraine is practically impossible without analyzing the development of pedagogical education in the EU countries. It has been proved that in order to study trends in the development of pedagogical education in the EU countries in terms of their diversity and community, it is also necessary to identify and specify the integration factors of this social phenomenon. It has been emphasized that careful attention to the quality of education is explained by the transition of most of the national education systems in Europe to the methodology of projecting education focused on learning outcomes and their monitoring. It has been clarified that with the development of the EHEA there is a gradual shift in emphasis from external assessment of higher education quality to the institutional level, from the learning process to competency-based approach with a predominant orientation towards professional and personal preparedness and, first of all, graduates employment as a criterion of learning outcomes. Special attention has been drawn to the fact that, despite the processes of internationalization and globalization of social life, covering social relations, science, culture, education, at the same time, many centuries-old traditions of various cultural-historical types of society, various civilizations that influence the character of pedagogical education are kept. It has been investigated that in most EU countries education is dominated by the ideas of humanization and continuity, aimed at meeting the growing needs of the individual, "focus on personality", which involves a variety of types and kinds of modern higher education, its multivariant character and multimodality, orientation towards result-centered criteria of definition of curricula content.

In this chapter, we argue that intersectionality is a theoretical and methodological framework by which education researchers can critically examine why and how students in STEM fields who are members of intersecting marginalized groups have distinctive experiences related to their social identities, other psychological processes, and educational outcomes. Taken separately, the bodies of education research focused on the experiences of Black students and female students in STEM fields often render Black women and girls "hidden figures" in that they have not sufficiently addressed their simultaneous racialized and gendered experiences in educational contexts. Additionally, we find that the current discourse on intersectionality is limited in that it does not attend to key psychological processes associated with identity and the intersectional experience in STEM education. We take a theoretical and methodological approach to examining intersectionality in STEM education and provide a new interpretation of the literature on Black women and girls in this social context. A synthesis of (N = 60) research studies revealed that (1) identity; (2) STEM interest, confidence, and persistence; (3) achievement, ability perceptions, and attributions; and (4) socializers and support systems are key themes within the experiences of Black women and girls in STEM education. Our analysis also highlights the ways that researchers have employed intersectionality to make the experiences of Black women and girls in STEM education more visible, or "unhidden." We discuss these findings from a psychological perspective and provide insights to guide future research and practice directions in STEM education.

Since the nineties, the principle of sustainable development has increasingly been adopted by policy makers and civil society in Germany and, of course, in many countries of the world. With the acceptance of this principle, the significance of education for sustainable development (ESD) has also been recognised. Increased awareness of the problems of environmental challenges, globalisation and poverty has meant that the concepts of environmental education, global learning, and education in development policy have been consistently oriented towards more sustainability. This leads to an increased awareness that globalisation processes must be shaped in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development, both nationally and internationally. By encouraging the idea of sustainability to take root in all areas of education systems, the World Decade of Education for Sustainable Development from 2005 to 2014 intended to take significant steps towards greater educational sustainability. The curricula for civic education for sustainable development and global learning in Germany are, therefore of course, very closely linked to global development and globalisation processes, and because of that, they are to be seen within the mandate of the United Nations educational policy. The paper shows, that the learning area of global development objectives is structured in an inter-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary manner. It carries the essential features of a domain: a delimited object area, a specific approach to the world, and the reference to a basic teaching concept in the educational policy traditions of one-world or development-policy education and global learning. Therefore the aim is clear, that these curricula should contribute to the sustainable development goals of the United Nations, towards inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, as it is mentioned in goal number 4 (United Nations, 2014).

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of contemporary empirical evidence supporting the need for the essential components of physical education as the minimum threshold of quality. The collective findings from a series of systematic reviews conducted through university, community, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborations are timely and warranted given the current trends in physical inactivity and obesity among youth and emerging adults. Methods: Faculty and students from five doctoral physical education teacher education programs (D-PETE) conducted distinct but interrelated systematic reviews of the Essential Components of Physical Education--policy and environment, curriculum, instruction, and assessment. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (identify, screen, determine eligibility, and include), relevant studies were extracted from six databases. Only peer-reviewed publications related to each essential component were examined. Full papers were included in the final analysis if they were published between January 2000 and May 1, 2020, had a primary outcome related to PreK--12 physical education, and were empirical and original investigations. Results: Each essential component, in part, was empirically supported. Some actionable criteria for a given component were underdeveloped and in need of more empirical research to advance our understanding of policy and environment, curriculum, instruction, and assessment in authentic contexts. Conclusions: Implications for the essential components of physical education and future directions for K-12 physical education, teacher education, and research are outlined in this article.

In the century we live in, the level of environmental awareness, environmental knowledge, and ecological literacy of Social Studies teacher education candidates is of great importance to raise individuals who possess high ecological culture and environmental sensitivity. The research was carried out with a phenomenological pattern from qualitative research methods. The study group of research was determined by criterion sampling, which is a purposeful sampling method. The study group consists of 15 teacher education students who studied in the Department of Turkish and Social Sciences Education, Department of Social Studies Education and took the environmental education course in a Faculty of Education at a university in Turkey during the 2019-2020 academic years. The research data was obtained through a semi-structured interview form. The research data were analyzed by the content analysis method and evaluated with a qualitative data analysis program. One of the most important results obtained from this research includes that Social Studies teacher education students correctly perceive the concepts of Environmental Education and ecological literacy overall. Also, it is seen that Social Studies teacher education students stated that Environmental Education can provide development in their cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions such as information and increased consciousness about resource consumption, environmental awareness and sensitivity, problem-solving, understanding about sustainability, positive attitudes and behavioral development and changes and that will positively affect the ecological literacy levels of an individual. For this reason, the concepts of Environmental Education and ecological literacy should be emphasized because it is necessary for ecological literacy to be explained to the students and projects should be carried out accordingly.

This study aimed to explore the perceptions of other branch teachers towards physical education teachers and lessons through metaphors. A basic qualitative research model was used in this study. Two hundred twenty-one teachers working in various types of schools and branches in the 2018/2019 education year in Burdur, Turkey, constituted the study group. For data collection, the teachers were asked to fill in the blanks in the metaphor form, including the sentences "physical education lesson is like…, because …" and "physical education teacher is like…, because…" The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. As a result of the analysis, the teachers produced 118 metaphors for the perception of physical education lessons and 120 different metaphors for the perception of physical education teachers. Metaphors for physical education lessons were gathered under the themes of "expected and beloved lesson," "unifying factor," "disciplinary tool" "entertaining, relaxing and health-improving lesson," "gathering, discovering and directing different talents," "mobility," "free environment," and "basic lesson." The teacher produces metaphors for physical education teachers under the themes of "hard-working and versatile," "physical strength element," "exploring and guiding," "providing control and discipline," "savior," "student-friendly," "comfortable and active personality," and "health-giving." Consequently, the metaphors that the branch teachers produced both for the physical education lessons and physical education teachers were similar, and it was seen that the branch teachers had positive perceptions about both the lesson and teacher.

This article compares the discourses, practices and politics of film education in France and Germany, and outlines their historical development. The discourses on film education in the two countries are fundamentally different: whereas German film education is anchored in the global politics of media education and around notions of "Medienkompetenz" (media competence), cinema in France is a field of art education centred on the "transmission du cinéma" (film mediation) or "l'éducation artistique" (art mediation). While the first initiatives in film education in both countries date back to the beginning of the twentieth century, this article explores how they developed in significantly different ways. In France, the establishment of film education was promoted and influenced by the culture of cinephilia, which imposed the notion of film as an art form. In Germany, film education -- after having been pushed by the Nazi regime -- suffered for a long time from sceptical attitudes towards the media and their ideological impact, and was formed by the critical approach of the Frankfurt School. This article details how history and the 'state of the art' of film education are interlinked with the different discourses and cultures of cinema in both countries, as well as the extent to which present political and educational practices draw upon long-standing historical and cultural traditions. In doing so, this article contributes to reflections upon film education at a wider European or international level, where similar debates around film or media literacy are taking place. [First published in Mise au point (Henzler, 2015). Translated from the French by Madeline Whittle and updated by the author.]