Economics & Development

Global housing demand is rising rapidly, yet the combined pressures of future population growth, climate-driven hazard intensification, and constrained fiscal capacity have not been assessed together for their impact on housing at a global scale. Housing is one of the largest components of household wealth and national capital stock. This study provides the first global, country-level picture of future housing construction demand and its associated costs and identifies where the needs for resilient construction are most urgent. The lack of high-resolution, globally consistent geospatial and demographic data has limited previous analyses. This study integrates Shared Socioeconomic Pathways–based population projections to 2100 with dynamic household size modeling, cohort survival analysis, and multi-hazard exposure mapping to estimate future housing construction demand and its associated costs under business-as-usual and resilient construction pathways. Global housing stock is projected to nearly double by 2100, reaching 4.1 billion to 4.5 billion units. Resilient construction pathways are found to carry lower long-term costs than business-as-usual in most regions, although not in high-growth, high-hazard regions such as South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Construction demand in most regions is projected to transition from growth-driven to replacement-driven by mid-century, suggesting that the decisions made today about how and where it is built will shape countries' exposure to natural hazards and their fiscal obligations for decades to come. The study further identifies 46 countries facing a triple burden: high future housing demand, severe natural hazard exposure, and limited fiscal capacity to finance resilient construction. The nature of this burden varies systematically by region, with Pacific Island countries facing acute fiscal constraints, Sub-Saharan Africa facing unprecedented volumetric demand, and South and Southeast Asian countries facing the highest hazard exposure. These findings provide a quantitative basis for prioritizing resilient housing investment, nationally and through international support, differentiated across regions and individual countries.

Resumen de dos páginas con los resultados de PISA 2025 para Chile. Reúne los puntajes en lectura, matemática y ciencias, la proporción de estudiantes bajo el nivel mínimo de competencia, la evolución del desempeño en el tiempo y las diferencias por nivel socioeconómico y género. Cierra con seis prioridades para la educación secundaria, basadas en el reporte del Banco Mundial Donde los caminos se bifurcan. Fuente: OCDE (2026), PISA 2025 Results (Volume I).

On September 15, 2026, the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association met to consider proposed reforms to the Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Framework for Low Income Countries, as outlined in a President’s Memorandum and accompanying review document. The Board discussed the analytical, policy, and operational implications of the reforms intended to strengthen debt sustainability assessments, enhance debt management practices, and improve coordination between the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund. Following deliberation, the Executive Directors approved the recommendation set out in paragraph 4 of the President’s Memorandum, endorsing the terms and conditions for advancing the proposed reforms. The meeting included participation from the Corporate Secretariat, Legal, and operational leadership, and adjourned at 3:51 p.m.

Resumen de dos páginas con los resultados de PISA 2025 para El Salvador. Reúne los puntajes en lectura, matemática y ciencias, la proporción de estudiantes bajo el nivel mínimo de competencia, la evolución del desempeño en el tiempo y las diferencias por nivel socioeconómico y género. Cierra con seis prioridades para la educación secundaria, basadas en el reporte del Banco Mundial Donde los caminos se bifurcan. Fuente: OCDE (2026), PISA 2025 Results (Volume I).

The Executive Directors authorized investment for the Brazil Decarbonization of Energy-Intensive Value Chains Project in Brazil on September 15, 2026, on an absence-of-objection basis.