Economics & Development

Indonesia has sustained steady economic progress with expanded access to services and digital connectivity and notable reductions in poverty and unemployment, yet the quality of jobs is constrained by a complex business environment, shallow financial markets, dominance of state-owned enterprises, widespread informality, inefficient logistics, climate risks, and persistent gender gaps that dampen productivity and inclusion. In the coming years, the World Bank Group will focus on building a capable state that enables private sector–led growth by supporting regulatory predictability, streamlined licensing and trade facilitation, digitalization of government services, deeper and more inclusive financial and capital markets, stronger domestic revenue mobilization and expenditure efficiency, and reforms that improve the performance and governance of state-owned enterprises to crowd in private investment. The program will strengthen human capital with an emphasis on workforce health through better primary care, nutrition, health financing and insurance, enhanced service delivery infrastructure, and responsible expansion of private participation in medical products and services, alongside selective analytics to inform education system reforms and targeted support for the care economy to boost female labor force participation. It will invest in resilient, productivity-enhancing infrastructure by advancing the energy transition, modernizing grids and storage, promoting demand-side efficiency, improving national and urban transport connectivity, expanding broadband and data infrastructure, enabling municipal finance, and creating clearer pathways for private participation through improved public-private partnership frameworks and asset recycling. It will unlock natural capital for jobs, livelihoods, and sustainable growth by restoring landscapes and marine resources, supporting climate-smart and higher-value agriculture, strengthening sustainable fisheries and nature-based value chains, and expanding sustainable tourism, while mobilizing private capital and promoting low carbon solutions across sectors through coordinated IBRD, IFC, and MIGA support.

This report analyzes the rural employment landscape in Tanzania using cross-sectional data from 2021 to 2024. It highlights key challenges and opportunities associated with the country's growing working-age population, revealing that nearly one-third of rural adults are not engaged in employment, with women, youth, and individuals with limited education disproportionately affected. Agriculture remains the primary source of rural employment, engaging the majority of workers, yet it offers the lowest returns and is dominated by subsistence farming. The study finds that agricultural commercialization significantly improves incomes, with commercial farmers achieving substantially higher productivity and welfare outcomes than subsistence farmers. Despite these benefits, only a small share of rural farmers participate in market-oriented production. The report also identifies agri-processing and services as important sources of wage employment, although non-farm opportunities remain limited and largely informal. The findings suggest that raising rural incomes will require a multifaceted strategy focused on increasing labor force participation, promoting agricultural commercialization, and expanding access to non-farm wage and self-employment opportunities. Given the diverse characteristics and constraints faced by different worker groups, the report emphasizes the importance of targeted labor market interventions tailored to the specific needs of Tanzania’s rural workforce.

مشروع النقد مقابل التغذية وسبل العيش لجمهورية اليمن، أهداف التنمية هي توفير تحويلات نقدية مستهدفة وخلق فرص سبل عيش لتحسين التغذية مع تقوية أنظمة ومؤسسات التوصيل. المكون الأول: سيقدم نقد مقابل التغذية تحويلات نقدية محددة زمن لحوالي 245,612 أسرة بها نساء وأطفال حوامل أو مرضعون تحت سن السنتين، إلى جانب التعليم الغذائي الجماعي، والفحص الروتيني، والإحالات إلى خدمات الصحة والتغذية، مع ميزات تستجيب للصدمات، وتغطية رقمية عالية للدفعات، وضمانات مستجابية للجنس؛ سيتم تنسيق التقديم مع مشروع اليمن للصحة والتغذية وWASH لمواءمة مسارات التواصل المجتمعي والإحالة. المكون الثاني: ستحافظ التدخلات في سبل العيش على تحقيق مكاسب غذائية تتجاوز الدعم النقدي من خلال أنشطة الدمج الاقتصادي المجمع؛ المكون الفرعي 2.1: ستؤسس جمعيات الادخار والقروض القروية ما لا يقل عن 2,748 مجموعة عبر مناطق اقتصادية مصممة لتوسيع الادخار والائتمان وريادة الأعمال والثقافة المالية، مع إعطاء الأولوية لمشاركة الأسر المستفيدة من النقد مقابل التغذية، وربط الإقراض بالأنشطة ذات الصلة بالتغذية؛ المكون الفرعي 2.2: سيقوم العمل الصغير للشباب بتجربة الشمول الاقتصادي الرقمي في المناطق المعترف بها دوليا من خلال تدريب 2000 شاب، وتوفير الأجهزة والاتصالات، والإرشاد، وانضمام المنصات، مع مشاركة نسائية لا تقل عن 50 بالمئة وشراكات مع مزودي العمل الرقمي. المكون 3: تعزيز القدرات المؤسسية والأنظمة سيعزز أنظمة الصندوق الاجتماعي من أجل التنمية من خلال نموذج خدمة موحد لتسهيل التعريف الوطني وشهادات الميلاد وتسجيل المحفظة الإلكترونية، وتوسيع المدفوعات الرقمية والثقافة المالية، وتعزيز إجراءات حماية البيانات وحماية البيانات، وتصميم ونقل وتشغيل نظام معلومات إدارة الحماية الاجتماعية، مسترشدا بتقييمات قدرات تدريجية ومستقلة وتدريب قائم على الكفاءات لتنفيذ مباشر محتمل في المستقبل. المكون 4: إدارة المشاريع والمراقبة والتقييم ستمول تنفيذ اليونيسف، والامتثال للمعايير البيئية والاجتماعية، والمساعدة الفنية، والتقييم، والمراقبة من الأطراف الثالثة، ودعم تنفيذ الجودة، مع إشراف وتحقق متعدد الطبقات. المكون 5: مكون الاستجابة الطارئة الطارئة سيمكن الاستجابة السريعة للأزمات المؤهلة من خلال ترتيبات تشغيلية متفق عليها مسبقا، مستفيدا من أنظمة التعريف والمدفوعات والإحالة المعززة لتقديم المساعدة في الوقت المناسب.

Integrated Urban Development and Resilience Project for Jobs for Madagascar has the development objectives to strengthen the climate resilience of urban communities, improve land administration, and support jobs in selected cities. Component 1: Foundational Urban Infrastructure and Climate Resilience will reduce systemic flood risk and support near- and long-term employment through coordinated investments in Greater Antananarivo and Greater Toamasina. Sub-component 1.1: Public Infrastructure for Flood Reduction in Greater Antananarivo will upgrade priority drainage canals, river dikes, pumping stations, and retention basins; deliver targeted urban upgrading that integrates flood works into neighborhood spaces and emerging economic zones; optimize solid waste management along drainage corridors and cluster areas to keep canals functional and enable valorization; and prepare studies and designs for resilient, investment-ready urban infrastructure, with associated land acquisition and compensation for project-affected people conducted per approved safeguards. Sub-component 1.2: Resilient Housing Recovery and Public Infrastructure Rehabilitation in Greater Toamasina will provide risk-informed housing reconstruction support packages, including an owner-driven modality linked to Build Back Better guidelines, establish Neighborhood Housing Reconstruction Centers (NHRCs) to deliver technical assistance, construction supervision, skills development, and grievance handling, strengthen housing sector capacity for risk-informed planning and a scalable resilient and low greenhouse gas housing strategy, rehabilitate and reconstruct priority socio-economic facilities to resilient standards, and implement drainage and flood mitigation measures, including Nature-Based Solutions where feasible. Sub-component 1.3: Strengthening Mechanisms and Capacity for Disaster Preparedness and Response will design climate-resilient multipurpose emergency shelters and modernize the early warning system through feasibility and pilots for location-based messaging and cell broadcast technologies in coordination with relevant institutions. Component 2: Improving Land Administration and Urban Governance for Jobs Creation will unlock land for productive use, de-risk urban investment, and strengthen municipal capacity. Sub-component 2.1: Strengthen Land Administration Capacity will support legal and procedural reforms for streamlined regularization and transfers, implement systematic participatory land regularization in targeted urban and peri-urban areas protecting rights-of-way and women’s land rights, establish a national Land Information System (LIS) with e-services and interoperability, and upgrade the geodetic network, information and communication technologies, offices, and staff capacities. Sub-component 2.2: Property Tax, Urban Planning, and Municipal Governance will update risk-informed land use plans, integrate building permits, flood and property data with the LIS to improve asset management and e-services, and advance property tax reforms to broaden the base and improve billing and collection for operations and maintenance. Component 3: Project Management and Coordination will finance operating costs, procurement and financial management, environmental and social standards implementation, stakeholder engagement and communications, capacity building, and monitoring and evaluation, including support to relevant environmental institutions. Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response will provide a mechanism to rapidly reallocate uncommitted funds to eligible response and early recovery activities upon activation in accordance with an Emergency Action Plan and a Contingent Emergency Response Component Manual.