Economics & Development

This annex presents four country case studies from Australia, China, the Philippines, and South Korea that examine how risk-informed spatial planning is implemented in practice. It analyzes the legal frameworks, technical methodologies, institutional arrangements, and implementation mechanisms used to integrate risk information into land-use and development decisions. Structured to support cross-country comparison, the case studies explore planning preparation, formulation, implementation, and enforcement processes, while highlighting challenges, lessons learned, and reform pathways for strengthening risk-informed spatial planning systems.

The Annex 5, Nigeria Streamlined Country Diagnostic (SCD) updates the 2019 assessment of the country’s development challenges and identifies priorities for ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Despite being Africa’s largest economy and population center, Nigeria faces rising poverty, weak job creation, low human capital outcomes, insecurity, governance challenges, and growing climate risks. The SCD highlights ten priority areas, including more and better jobs, increased private investment, stronger macroeconomic management, social protection, improved education and health outcomes, sustainable food systems, enhanced connectivity, reliable energy access, and digital transformation. It emphasizes the need for sustained reforms, stronger institutions, greater private sector participation, and investments in human capital and infrastructure to unlock inclusive and sustainable growth.

The development objective of the Jordan Health Sector Reform Program is to improve the efficiency of public spending on health and enhance the quality of primary health care services. The program is aligned with the Government of Jordan’s broader reform agenda, including the Economic Modernization Vision 2033 (EMV), the Executive Program priority initiatives, the Ministry of Health’s Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Roadmap, and the Jordan Response Plan for the Syrian Crisis, all of which emphasize improving quality of life, strengthening government effectiveness, accountability, and expanding digitization. The Program-for-Results (PforR) supports a subset of this government program and focuses on advancing efficiency and sustainability across two key results areas: Results Area 1 targets the main drivers of health sector arrears to strengthen governance and accountability in public health spending, while Results Area 2 focuses on improving the quality of primary health care, particularly for non-communicable diseases, with potential efficiency gains as an additional benefit.

Nigeria is experiencing gradual macroeconomic stabilization following recent reforms but continues to face widespread poverty, high inflationary pressures eroding real incomes, large infrastructure gaps in power and connectivity, weak access to finance for firms and households, pronounced regional disparities, elevated fragility, conflict and violence risks, and high vulnerability to climate shocks. In the coming years, the World Bank Group will focus on creating more and better private sector jobs by strengthening macro fiscal management and governance, improving the business enabling environment, and expanding access to finance with dedicated efforts to narrow gender gaps for women-led firms and workers. Support will prioritize mobilizing private capital and deepening domestic capital markets, advancing well-structured public private partnerships, and de-risking investable projects. Core sector engagements will include expanding affordable and reliable electricity through renewable energy, grid performance improvements, and sound tariff and regulatory frameworks; scaling digital connectivity and foundational digital public infrastructure to promote competition, affordability, and inclusion; and transforming agriculture by connecting farmers to markets and processors, improving seed and input systems, enabling access to finance, and investing in climate-smart practices and essential rural infrastructure. To unlock human capital, the program will reinforce primary healthcare, nutrition, early childhood development, basic education quality, and skills aligned with labor market needs, with a strong emphasis on adolescent girls and youth transitions to work. To build resilience of people and ecosystems, it will strengthen shock-responsive social protection systems and expand climate adaptation through resilient seeds, water resource management and irrigation, livestock health and grazing practices, and early warning and disaster readiness, with attention to FCV contexts and inclusion across all interventions.