Medical Informatics: An Introduction
Abstract
1. Information Processing in Medicine.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Overlap With Other Disciplines.- 2. Informatics.- 2.1 Structure.- 2.2 Fundamental Concepts.- 2.2.1 Message and Information.- 2.2.1.1 Events, Probability.- 2.2.1.2 SHANNON'S Information Theory.- 2.2.2 Languages.- 2.2.3 Discretization.- 2.2.3.1 Scanning.- 2.2.3.2 Quantization.- 2.2.4 Message Processing and Information Processing.- 2.2.5 Algorithms.- 2.2.6 Formal Languages.- 2.2.6.1 Programming Languages.- 2.2.7 Architecture of Digital Computers.- 2.2.8 Operating Modes of Digital Computers.- 2.2.9 Computer-Supported Problem Solving.- 3. Classification.- 3.1 Observation Units, Attributes.- 3.1.1 Attribute Structures.- 3.1.2 Binary Attributes.- 3.1.3 Trustworthiness of Data Observation.- 3.1.4 Models.- 3.2 Basic Formulation of the Classification Problem.- 3.3 Mathematical Classification.- 3.3.1 Known Probability Distributions.- 3.3.1.1 Dependency Analyses.- 3.3.1.1.1 Dependency Measures.- 3.3.1.1.2 Dependence of Dependent Variates on Independent Variates.- 3.3.1.1.3 Correlations Between Components of a Random Vector.- 3.3.1.1.4 Contingency-Table Analysis.- 3.3.1.2 Assignment to a Population Type I-Classification Problem.- 3.3.1.2.1 Statistical Decision Models.- 3.3.1.2.2 Predicate Logic Decision Model.- 3.3.2 Classification of an Observation Unit Type 11-Classification Problem.- 3.3.2.1 Configuration-Frequency Analysis.- 3.3.2.2 Cluster Analysis.- 3.3.2.2.1 Distance/Similarity.- 3.3.2.2.1.1 Qualitative Attributes.- 3.3.2.2.1.2 Quantitative Attributes.- 3.3.2.2.1.3 Classes.- 3.3.2.2.2 Algorithms.- 3.4 Classification of Concepts.- 3.4.1 Nomenclature and Terminology.- 3.4.2 Deep Structure of a Classification.- 3.4.2.1 Semantic Dimensions.- 3.4.2.1.1 Topography.- 3.4.2.1.2 Nosology.- 3.4.2.1.3 Morphology.- 3.4.2.1.4 Etiology.- 3.4.2.1.5 Function/Dysfunction.- 3.4.2.1.6 Modification.- 3.4.2.1.7 Procedures.- 3.4.2.2 Relations.- 3.4.3 Methods.- 3.4.4 Coding Semantic Relations.- 3.4.5 Common Classifications.- 3.4.5.1 International Classification of Diseases (ICD).- 3.4.5.2 Klinischer DiagnosenschluS Information Theory.- 2.2.2 Languages.- 2.2.3 Discretization.- 2.2.3.1 Scanning.- 2.2.3.2 Quantization.- 2.2.4 Message Processing and Information Processing.- 2.2.5 Algorithms.- 2.2.6 Formal Languages.- 2.2.6.1 Programming Languages.- 2.2.7 Architecture of Digital Computers.- 2.2.8 Operating Modes of Digital Computers.- 2.2.9 Computer-Supported Problem Solving.- 3. Classification.- 3.1 Observation Units, Attributes.- 3.1.1 Attribute Structures.- 3.1.2 Binary Attributes.- 3.1.3 Trustworthiness of Data Observation.- 3.1.4 Models.- 3.2 Basic Formulation of the Classification Problem.- 3.3 Mathematical Classification.- 3.3.1 Known Probability Distributions.- 3.3.1.1 Dependency Analyses.- 3.3.1.1.1 Dependency Measures.- 3.3.1.1.2 Dependence of Dependent Variates on Independent Variates.- 3.3.1.1.3 Correlations Between Components of a Random Vector.- 3.3.1.1.4 Contingency-Table Analysis.- 3.3.1.2 Assignment to a Population Type I-Classification Problem.- 3.3.1.2.1 Statistical Decision Models.- 3.3.1.2.2 Predicate Logic Decision Model.- 3.3.2 Classification of an Observation Unit Type 11-Classification Problem.- 3.3.2.1 Configuration-Frequency Analysis.- 3.3.2.2 Cluster Analysis.- 3.3.2.2.1 Distance/Similarity.- 3.3.2.2.1.1 Qualitative Attributes.- 3.3.2.2.1.2 Quantitative Attributes.- 3.3.2.2.1.3 Classes.- 3.3.2.2.2 Algorithms.- 3.4 Classification of Concepts.- 3.4.1 Nomenclature and Terminology.- 3.4.2 Deep Structure of a Classification.- 3.4.2.1 Semantic Dimensions.- 3.4.2.1.1 Topography.- 3.4.2.1.2 Nosology.- 3.4.2.1.3 Morphology.- 3.4.2.1.4 Etiology.- 3.4.2.1.5 Function/Dysfunction.- 3.4.2.1.6 Modification.- 3.4.2.1.7 Procedures.- 3.4.2.2 Relations.- 3.4.3 Methods.- 3.4.4 Coding Semantic Relations.- 3.4.5 Common Classifications.- 3.4.5.1 International Classification of Diseases (ICD).- 3.4.5.2 Klinischer Diagnosenschlussel (KDS).- 3.4.5.3 Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP).- 3.4.5.4 Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED).- 3.4.5.5 TNM-Classification.- 3.5 Sequential Decision Strategies.- 3.5.1 Optimal Solution Using Dynamic Programming.- 3.5.2 Heuristic Solutions.- 3.5.2.1 Known Probability Distributions.- 3.5.2.2 Unknown Probability Distributions.- 4. Medical Linguistics.- 4.1 Medical Language.- 4.2 Morphology.- 4.2.1 Elements of Word Construction.- 4.2.2 Word Models.- 4.2.3 Dictionaries.- 4.2.4 Algorithms.- 4.3 Syntax.- 4.3.1 Lexical Analysis.- 4.3.2 Syntactic Analysis.- 4.4 Semantics.- 4.5 Metalanguages in Medicine.- 5. Subfields of Medical Informatics.- 5.1 Data Models, Data Structures.- 5.1.1 Data Models.- 5.1.1.1 Relational Model.- 5.1.1.2 Hierarchic Model.- 5.1.1.3 Network Model.- 5.1.2 Data Structures.- 5.1.2.1 Primitive Objects.- 5.1.2.2 Compound Objects.- 5.1.2.3 Knowledge Representation.- 5.1.3 Data Structures in Medicine.- 5.1.3.1 Medical Record.- 5.1.3.2 General Face Sheet.- 5.1.3.3 Problem-Oriented Medical Record.- 5.1.3.4 Fundamental Documentation.- 5.1.3.5 Anamnesis.- 5.1.3.6 Epicrisis.- 5.1.3.7 Medical Utterance.- 5.1.3.7.1 Patient Identification.- 5.1.3.7.2 Medical Information.- 5.1.3.7.3 Relations.- 5.2 Data Acquisition and Input.- 5.2.1 Organizational Structures.- 5.2.2 Error Control.- 5.2.2.1 Error Detection and Error Supposition.- 5.2.2.1.1 Univariate Methods.- 5.2.2.1.2 Multivariate Methods.- 5.2.2.2 Error Control in the Clinical Laboratory.- 5.2.2.3 Misspellings in Texts.- 5.2.2.4 Disturbance of Analog Messages.- 5.3 Data Storage.- 5.4 Information Extraction.- 5.4.1 Indexing.- 5.4.1.1 Quality Measures.- 5.4.1.2 Methods.- 5.4.1.2.1 Word-Oriented Methods.- 5.4.1.2.2 Phrase-Oriented Methods.- 5.5 Information Retrieval.- 5.5.1 Language Synthesis.- 5.5.1.1 Automated Medical Reporting.- 5.5.1.2 Question-Answering Systems.- 5.6 Data Integrity.- 5.6.1 Data Consistency.- 5.6.2 Data Protection.- 6. Special Applications.- 6.1 Processing of Process Data.- 6.1.1 Biosignal Processing.- 6.1.1.1 Electrocardiography.- 6.1.1.2 Electroencephalography.- 6.1.2 Image Processing.- 6.1.2.1 Algorithms.- 6.1.2.1.1 Contrast Enhancement.- 6.1.2.1.2 Arithmetic Operations.- 6.1.2.1.3 Image Analysis.- 6.1.2.2 Computer-Tomography.- 6.1.3 Laboratory Data Processing.- 6.1.4 Radiology, Nuclear Medicine.- 6.1.5 Intensive-Care Medicine.- 6.2 Economic Applications.- 6.2.1 Patient Admission.- 6.2.2 Inventory Systems.- 6.2.2.1 Blood Bank.- 6.2.2.2 Pharmacy.- 6.3 Information Systems.- 6.3.1 Communication Systems.- 6.3.2 Hospital Information Systems (HIS).- 6.3.2.1 Objectives of a Hospital Information System..- 6.3.2.2 Functions of a Hospital Information System.- 6.3.2.3 Drug-Control Systems.- 6.3.2.4 Peculiarities in a Hospital Information System.- 6.4 Disease Registers.- 6.5 Bibliographies.- 7. References.- 8. Index of Tables.- 9. Index of Figures.- 10. Glossary.- 11. Symbols and Denotations.- 12. Subject Index.